The chemical composition of the cyst wall of the potato cyst-nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis

1. Cyst walls of the potato cyst-nematode (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.) were isolated by sieving a suspension of crushed cysts. About 12mg. of dried cyst walls was obtained from 1000 cysts. 2. The cyst walls contained mainly protein (72%, calculated from nitrogen content). On acid hydrolysis about 77% of the cyst wall went into solution. Of 19 amino acids present, proline, glycine, and alanine were the most abundant, and made up about 50% by weight of the total amino acids. The amino acid composition suggested that collagen-like proteins predominated in the cyst wall and larval cuticle. 3. A small amount of glucosamine (1.5%) was present in the hydrolysates, but chitin was not detected in the cyst walls. 4. Other components of the cyst walls were lipid (2%), carbohydrate (0.5%) and a small amount of inorganic matter (ash, 5%). Polyphenols (2% by wt. of the cyst walls) occurred in the acid hydrolysates. The dark pigments of the cyst wall were not indole-containing melanins.     

The chemical composition of the egg shells of the potato cyst-nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis Woll

1. Eggs of the potato cyst-nematode (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.) were isolated by sieving a suspension of crushed cysts. Eggs were broken open by ultrasonic vibration and the egg shells separated from the released larvae by centrifuging in a potassium tartrate density gradient. About 1 mg. of dried egg shells was obtained from 1000 cysts. 2. The major constituent of the egg shells was protein (59%, calculated from nitrogen content). About 80% of the egg shells went into solution on acid hydrolysis. Of the 18 amino acids determined with the Technicon Auto-Analyser, proline was most abundant and, with aspartic acid, glycine and serine, made up about 64% by weight of the total amino acids. The small amounts of aromatic and sulphur-containing amino acids, and the presence of hydroxy-proline, indicate a collagen-like protein. 3. The egg shells gave a positive van Wisselingh colour test for chitin, and glucosamine was detected in their acid hydrolysate by chromatography. The glucosamine content of the egg shells, determined by the Elson-Morgan colorimetric method, was 7%, corresponding to about 9% chitin. 4. Dried egg shells contained about 7% of lipid, 6% of carbohydrate and 3% of ash. Polyphenols (3% by weight of the egg shells) were detected in the acid hydrolysates. 5. Neither the collagen nor the chitin showed evidence of crystallinity when examined by X-ray diffraction.     

Evidence for the involvement of calcium in the hatching of Globodera rostochiensis

Low concentrations of ruthenium red and lanthanum chloride inhibited hatching of juveniles from eggs in cysts of Globodera rostochiensis in potato root diffusate. Pro-bit analysis for 31 cysts at seven concentrations of ruthenium red showed that 50% inhibition with 95% fiducial limits occured at 47 ± 23 μm; a similar value of 59 ± 14 μm was obtained using eggs removed from cysts. Results for 10 to 20 cysts at six concentrations of lanthanum chloride suggested a somewhat higher value for 50% inhibition of 110 ± 83 μM. In contrast hatching of eggs in cysts of Heterodera schachtii in water was unaffected by 5 ITIM lanthanum chloride and 625 μM ruthenium red, concentrations which cause over 90% inhibition of hatch in G. rostochiensis.
Two calcium ionophores synergised hatching of a 1971 population of G. rostochiensis in dilute diffusate. Optimal concentrations of 2 μM for A23187 and 10 μM for BrX537A increased the hatch from 17 ± 3–6 juveniles/cyst to 114 ± 44 juveniles/cyst and 138 ± 40 juveniles/cyst respectively. Ionophores in the absence of diffusate hatched very few eggs of this population but caused a greater hatch in a second (1975) population which gave a high hatch in water of 43 ± 10 juveniles/cyst. This was increased by A23187 to 181 ± 41 juveniles/cyst. The results with both the inhibitors and the ionophores suggest that hatching in G. rostochiensis might be a calcium-mediated process.     

Bacterial rRNA genes associated with soil suppressiveness against the plant-parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii

The goal of this study was to identify bacteria involved in soil suppressiveness against the plant-parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii. Since H. schachtii cysts isolated from the suppressive soil can transfer this beneficial property to nonsuppressive soils, analysis of the cyst-associated microorganisms should lead to the identification of the causal organisms. Our experimental approach was to identify bacterial rRNA genes (rDNA) associated with H. schachtii cysts obtained from soil mixtures with various levels of suppressiveness. We hypothesized that we would be able to identify bacteria involved in the suppressiveness by correlating population shifts with differing levels of suppressiveness. Soil treatments containing different amounts of suppressive and fumigation-induced nonsuppressive soils exhibited various levels of suppressiveness after two nematode generations. The 10%-suppressive-soil treatment contained numbers of eggs per gram of soil similar to those of the 100%-suppressive-soil treatment, indicating that the suppressive factor(s) had been transferred. Bacterial rDNA associated with H. schachtii cysts were identified using a culture-independent method termed oligonucleotide fingerprinting of rRNA genes. Bacteria from five major taxonomic groups (Actinobacteria, Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides, alpha-Proteobacteria, beta-Proteobacteria, and gamma-Proteobacteria) were identified. Three bacterial rDNA groups contained clones that were more prevalent in the highly suppressive soil treatments than in the less suppressive treatments, indicating a potential involvement in the H. schachtii suppressiveness. When these three groups were examined with specific PCR analyses performed on H. schachtii cysts that developed in soils treated with three biocidal compounds, only one bacterial rDNA group with moderate to high sequence identity to rDNA from several Rhizobium species and uncultured alpha-proteobacterial clones was consistently associated with the highly suppressive treatments. A quantitative PCR analysis confirmed the association of this Rhizobium-like rDNA group with the H. schachtii suppressiveness.     

Observations on the biology of the potato-root eelworm, Heterodera schachtii Schmidt

Results are presented of experiments on the effect of low temperature and of soil type upon the potato-root eelworm, Heterodera schachtii.
In some experiments exposure of cysts, to low temperatures had a definite lethal effect, but in others the cysts were unharmed. The reason for this variation was not apparent. Exposure of the larvae of die nematode to even a relatively slight degree of frost resulted in the death of the larvae, provided mat die surrounding medium was completely frozen. In this respect the larvae appear to differ markedly from those of the beet strain of H. schachtii. That the larvae had actually been killed was shown by the fact that they produced no cysts on the roots of potato plants and also by their almost immediate absorption of iodine.
It was confirmed that H. schachtii cysts produced on the roots of potato plants grown in a heavy medium are smaller in size and fewer in number than those formed on the roots of plants grown in a light medium. The heavy medium used was pure clay, the light one pure sand, while equal numbers of eelworm larvae served in each case as inoculum. The difference in cyst size was significant, and fewer larvae emerged from the cysts formed in clay than from those produced in sand.     

Reproduction of Heterodera zeae and Its Suppression of Corn Plant Growth as Affected by Temperature

Reproduction of the corn cyst nematode (Heterodera zeae) and its effect on growth of corn (Zea mays) was studied in plant growth chambers at 24, 27, 30, 33, and 36 C. Reproduction of H. zeae increased directly with increase in temperature from 24 to 36 C. Fifteen-cm-d pots of corn seedlings inoculated with a mixture of 5,000 eggs + J2 and maintained for 8 weeks in growth chambers contained an average of 7,042 cysts + females at 36 C, but only 350 cysts + females at 24 C. Fresh weights of plants without nematodes were highest at 27 C and lowest at 36 C. Nematodes suppressed plant fresh weight by an average of 30% at 27 C and by 27% at 33 C but did not suppress plant weight at 36 C. Heterodera zeae has the highest reported temperature optimum for reproduction of any cyst nematode.     

Fungal parasitism of the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii: infection and enzymatic activity

Abstract Fungal egg parasites isolated from eggs of the cyst nematode Heterodera avenae in Sweden were investigated with respect to their ability to infect cyst nematode eggs of H. schachtii in vitro. The infection was studied by interference phase contrast microscopy of whole cysts and of cryosections of cysts exposed to the fungi on agar plates.
Verticillium suchlasporium was the most effective parasite, infecting 53% of the nematode eggs, while V. chlamydosporium infected 12% of the eggs. The fungi Paecilomyces lilacinus, Cylindrocarpon destructans or Fusarium oxysporum did not parasitize nematode eggs; nor did Arthrobotrys oligospora , a nematode trapping fungus nor Penicillium viridicatum which served as a control fungus.
The ability of the fungi to infect eggs was correlated with their lytic enzyme activity. Fungi that readily infected eggs also showed chitinase activity and presence of proteolytic activity. The Verticillium species had an activity between 3.7 and 14.6 μmol N -acetyl-glucosamine per mg protein per hour (CU) while it was 4.5 CU or lower for P. lilacinus . Other isolates did not shown any chitinase activity.     

Stimulation of larval emergence in Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, by certain concentrations of silver compounds

Certain dilute solutions of organic silver compounds, e.g. 0.001% silver proteinate, acting for a short time on cysts of the potato strain of Heterodera schachtii , cause increased numbers of larvae to emerge from the cysts when the latter are transferred to potato root excretion. More prolonged exposure of cysts to these solutions tends to result in a toxic effect which is also produced by more concentrated solutions. It is concluded that many more eggs in H. schachtii cysts are mature and capable of hatching than can be accounted for by ordinary larval liberation brought about by means of root excretion alone. Increasing periods of pre-treatment of cysts in tap water tend to produce increases in larval emergence, although this stimulation is probably of a different type from that given by silver compounds.     

Extent of disease in populations of Heterodera, with especial reference to H. schachtii

Analysis was made of the extent of disease in 112 populations of Heterodera schachtii, comprising 88 populations of cysts obtained from soil samples and 24 populations of females and cysts taken from host roots. Overall, some 14% of full cysts taken from soil were diseased, although much variation was found. About half of the cysts were substantially and half partially diseased. Where beet monoculture had long been practised, overall disease was approximately doubled. Less than 50% of diseased cysts were parasitised by recognised egg pathogens and nearly the same proportion showed symptoms of lysis, coagulation or decay, the causes of which could not be ascertained. The remainder contained unexamined or miscellaneous fungi and a few showed oily degeneration. Disease in 10 populations of cysts from roots was higher than in cysts from soil. In females from roots it was especially variable, for most diseased females were invaded by one or two specific fungal pathogens in whose absence all were healthy. Examination of six populations of Heterodera avenae indicated the extent and nature of disease was not dissimilar from that in H. schachtii. The pathogens, which were all fungi, and the disease symptoms of uncertain origin found in cysts and females of H. schachtii are briefly summarised.     

Free amino acid concentration in hydatid cyst fluids from fertile and infertile human and animal Echinococcus granulosus.

The aim of this study was to search and compare free amino acid composition of fertile and infertile cyst fluids obtained from humans and animals infected naturally with Echinococcus granulosus, by using automated analysis based on cation-exchange chromatography with post-column ninhydrin derivatization system. 11 free amino acids from fertile (sheep origin), nine from infertile (cattle origin), 13 from infertile (human origin) hydatid cyst fluids and 19 amino acids from sera of patients with hydatid infection were detected. The levels of glycine, alanine, valine and lyrosine in fertile and infertile hydatid cysts fluids were significantly higher than in sera from patients with hydatid cysts. Glycine level in the fertile hydatid cyst fluids (sheep origin) was significantly higher than those of infertile cysts fluids (cattle and human origin) and sera with hydatid patients. Glycine level in fertile hydatid cyst fluids was about two times more concentrated in infertile cattle cyst fluids, 10 times more concentrated in infertile human hydatid cyst fluids and 13 times more concentrated in sera with hydatid patients. On the other hand, alanine and valine concentration in the fertile and infertile cyst fluids were at similar level with the exception that valine level in fertile cyst fluids was 12 times more concentrated in infertile human cyst fluids. The levels of tyrosine, citrulline, leucine, isoleucine and lysine amino acids in fertile and infertile hydatid cyst fluids were similar. Our findings with respect to fertile and infertile cysts fluids showed that free amino acids concentrations in cyst fluids were significantly, higher in sera from patients with hydatid cyst. Total amount of free amino acids content in fertile and infertile cyst fluids was three to eight times higher from that of human sera with hydatid patients.     

Observations on the relationship between morphological variation and host range in populations of cereal cyst-nematode

British pathotype 3 of cereal cyst-nematode differs morphologically from Heterodera avenae. Mature cysts have a distinct underbridge which is absent from pathotypes 1 and 2. A population of pathotype 3 produced cysts on cereal genotypes resistant to pathotypes 1 and 2. The relationship of this pathotype to other graminaceous cyst-nematodes is discussed.     

THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE ON THE EMERGENCE OF LARVAE FROM CYSTS OF THE BEET EELWORM, HETERODERA SCHACHTII SCHMIDT

The significance of soil moisture in relation to aeration and larval emergence from cysts of Heterodera schachtii Schmidt is discussed. The rate of larval emergence increased as oxygen concentration increased. A comparison of the moisture characteristics of a mass of cysts and of sand of about the same particle size showed that water was removed from between both the cysts and the sand particles at 12–16 cm. of water-pressure deficiency. There was an indication that water was removed from between the eggs within the cysts at 100–135 cm - of water-pressure deficiency. The rate of larval emergence showed a gradual decline is suction was increased beyond 20 cm. of water-pressure deficiency, approaching zero at 175 cm. of water-pressure deficiency. Results suggest that egg hatch is not directly dependent on pressure deficiency and that the presence of free larvae within the cyst inhibits further egg hatch. A technique is described for measuring larval motility in sand. There is a decline in motility when most of the water has been removed from the sand pore-spaces. It is suggested that the relatively low rates of larval emergence at high-pressure deficiencies are due to inhibition of larval migration from the cyst by the surface forces of the water film.     

LABORATORY ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ESTIMATION OF THE POPULATION DENSITY OF HETERODERA SPECIES IN SOIL

As unexpectedly large sampling errors were obtained in preliminary population studies on Heterodera , an examination was made of the laboratory errors associated with sampling for H. göttingiana and H. schachtii. Soil samples were taken from microplots and appeared to be satisfactory, being without the usual heterogeneity found in sampling from fields. There was little evidence of errors introduced by the technique used for estimating the number of eggs and larvae in a subsample. These errors, when they occurred, were always small, and this standard technique was deemed satisfactory. The logarithmic transformation was suitable for statistical analysis of both cyst and egg counts.
Apart from the residual variation, there were two other important sources of variation when sampling for eggs. There was a large variation between sub-samples, caused by differences in the number of cysts and in the number of eggs per cyst. There was also in some instances a difference between observers counting the same eggs of up to 20%. Where a comparative measure of density is sufficient, this bias is probably unimportant, and to increase accuracy of estimates of eelworm density, most laboratory work should be devoted to the separation of cysts from the soil sample.     

Syncytia formed by adult female Heterodera schachtii in Arabidopsis thaliana roots have a distinct cell wall molecular architecture

? Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes form a feeding site, termed a syncytium, through which the nematode obtains nutrients from the host plant to support nematode development. The structural features of cell walls of syncytial cells have yet to be elucidated. ? Monoclonal antibodies to defined glycans and a cellulose-binding module were used to determine the cell wall architectures of syncytial and surrounding cells in the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana infected with the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. ? Fluorescence imaging revealed that the cell walls of syncytia contain cellulose and the hemicelluloses xyloglucan and heteromannan. Heavily methyl-esterified pectic homogalacturonan and arabinan are abundant in syncytial cell walls; galactan could not be detected. This is suggestive of highly flexible syncytial cell walls. ? This work provides important information on the structural architecture of the cell walls of this novel cell type and reveals factors that enable the feeding site to perform its functional requirements to support nematode development.     

Bacteria associated with cysts of the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines)

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, causes economically significant damage to soybeans (Glycine max) in many parts of the world. The cysts of this nematode can remain quiescent in soils for many years as a reservoir of infection for future crops. To investigate bacterial communities associated with SCN cysts, cysts were obtained from eight SCN-infested farms in southern Ontario, Canada, and analyzed by culture-dependent and -independent means. Confocal laser scanning microscopy observations of cyst contents revealed a microbial flora located on the cyst exterior, within a polymer plug region and within the cyst. Microscopic counts using 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazine-2-yl)aminofluorescein staining and in situ hybridization (EUB 338) indicated that the cysts contained (2.6 +/- 0.5) x 10(5) bacteria (mean +/- standard deviation) with various cellular morphologies. Filamentous fungi were also observed. Live-dead staining indicated that the majority of cyst bacteria were viable. The probe Nile red also bound to the interior polymer, indicating that it is lipid rich in nature. Bacterial community profiles determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis were simple in composition. Bands shared by all eight samples included the actinobacterium genera Actinomadura and STREPTOMYCES: A collection of 290 bacteria were obtained by plating macerated surface-sterilized cysts onto nutrient broth yeast extract agar or on actinomycete medium. These were clustered into groups of siblings by repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR fingerprinting, and representative isolates were tentatively identified on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. Thirty phylotypes were detected, with the collection dominated by Lysobacter and Variovorax spp. This study has revealed the cysts of this important plant pathogen to be rich in a variety of bacteria, some of which could presumably play a role in the ecology of SCN or have potential as biocontrol agents.     

Copper and cobalt alter the cell wall composition of Cunninghamella blakesleeana

Cunninghamella blakesleeana was highly sensitive to Cu and Co on a medium containing NaNO3 as the sole nitrogen source. The nitrate reductive pathway was altered by Cu and Co, and NO-2 accumulated in the medium. Under conditions of Cu toxicity, the mycelium and the cell walls acquired a blue color, and most of the Cu was located in the cell walls, which differed in several aspects from cell walls derived from Co-containing or control cultures. At half-maximal growth inhibition by Cu (2.5 micrograms/mL or 39.3 microM) or Co (3.5 micrograms/mL or 59.4 microM), the mycelia contained 1.5 micrograms Cu or 1.0 microgram Co/mg dry tissue, respectively, but the isolated cell walls contained 33.5 micrograms Cu or 1.8 micrograms Co/mg dry cell wall. The phosphorous content of mycelia from Co-containing cultures was the same as that from control cultures, whereas that of mycelia from Cu-containing cultures contained 36% less. However, the phosphorous content of the cell walls from mycelia cultured in the presence of Cu or Co was two- and three-fold higher, respectively, than that of cell walls from control cultures. The cell walls of Cu-containing cultures contained significantly less hexosamine than the control cell walls, and chitin and chitosan were present in equal quantities. The cell walls of Co-containing cultures had the same amount of hexosamine as the control cell walls, but 88% of the hexosamine was present as chitosan and bound very little Co. The control cell walls contained approximately 60% chitosan.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Preparation and Chemical Composition of the Cell Walls of Mature Infectious Dense Forms of Meningopneumonitis Organisms

Relatively large-scale production and purification of meningopneumonitis organisms was developed for chemical and immunological studies on cell walls of the infectious dense forms. By disruption of purified organisms with glass beads in a Mickle shaker, highly purified preparations of cell walls were obtained by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, enzyme digestion, and sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment. The dry-weight recovery of purified cell walls from intact organisms was about 13%. When (32)P-labeled preparations of cell walls were fractionated into acid-soluble, lipid, ribonucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribonucleic (DNA), and residual fractions, about 80% of the (32)P in cell wall preparations was recovered in the phospholipid fraction, which corresponded to about 3% of the total phospholipid in the intact organisms. About 7% of the (32)P in purified cell walls was recovered in the RNA and DNA fractions respectively, but this corresponds to only about 0.4% of the (32)P found in those fractions in intact organisms. From dry-weight determinations, it was calculated that the purified cell wall preparations contained only 0.6% total nucleic acids, and these are probably not true cell wall constituents. These cell walls contained 70 to 75% protein, corresponding to about 14% of the protein in intact organisms. Amino acid analysis of these protein showed the existence of all common amino acids, glucosamine, and galactosamine. However, no muramic acid was detected by the methods employed.     

Population genetic structure of the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii: a gonochoristic and amphimictic species with highly inbred but weakly differentiated populations

The sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii is a soil-dwelling phytoparasitic nematode that feeds on beet roots. It is an important pest in most sugar beet growing areas, and better knowledge of its genetic variability is an important step to preserve the durability of resistant sugar beet varieties. The population genetic structure of this species in northern France was studied using five microsatellite markers. A hierarchical sampling design was used to investigate spatial structuring at the scale of the region, the field and the plant. Multilocus genotypes were obtained for single individual second-stage larvae, using only one individual per cyst in order to avoid the analysis of closely allied individuals (larvae from the same cyst share at least the same mother). A consistent trend of heterozygote deficit at all loci was observed at all spatial scales. Heterozygote deficit at the level of individual plants argues against its generation through a Wahlund effect. Inbreeding could be due to very limited active dispersal of larvae in the soil, favouring mating between siblings, such as larvae emerging from the same cyst. Such behaviour could have important consequences for the evolution of virulence in increasing the production of homozygous virulent individuals. Moreover, an analysis of molecular variance (amova) reveals that only 1.6% of the genetic variability is observed among regions, 3.7% among fields of the same region and 94.6% within fields. The very low level of genetic differentiation among fields is also indicated by low values of FST (相似文献   

Carbohydrate and amino acid analyses of Giardia muris cysts.

Intact Giardia muris cysts were subjected to consecutive chloroform/methanol and 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) extractions, and to amyloglucosidase treatment. The SDS-insoluble, amyloglucosidase-fast cyst walls (ACW) were further incubated with chymotrypsin, trypsin, papain, or pronase. Low voltage scanning electron microscopy revealed no discernible change in the ultrastructure of the filamentous layer of the cyst wall following any of these treatments. Affinity for cyst wall-specific monoclonal antibody (Meridian Diagnostics, Cincinnati, OH) was also retained after all treatments. Periodic acid-Schiff staining and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of intact and treated cyst hydrolysates showed a significant reduction in the amount of glucose associated with the cyst (72 nmoles/10(6) intact cysts vs 1.9 nmoles/10(6) ACW) as a result of amyloglucosidase treatment, indicating that glucose is stored within Giardia as an SDS-insoluble polymer. Galactosamine was identified by GC/MS as the predominant sugar associated with both the ACW and the proteinase treated ACW (42 nmoles/10(6) ACW). High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of amino acids from intact and treated cyst hydrolysates revealed a marked reduction, but not elimination, of detectable quantities of identifiable amino acid residues (255 nmoles/10(6) intact cysts vs 6.8 nmoles/10(6) proteinase treated ACW). These results suggest that the filamentous layer of the cyst wall is primarily a carbohydrate peptide complex.     

The novel cyst nematode effector protein 19C07 interacts with the Arabidopsis auxin influx transporter LAX3 to control feeding site development

Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes penetrate plant roots and transform cells near the vasculature into specialized feeding sites called syncytia. Syncytia form by incorporating neighboring cells into a single fused cell by cell wall dissolution. This process is initiated via injection of esophageal gland cell effector proteins from the nematode stylet into the host cell. Once inside the cell, these proteins may interact with host proteins that regulate the phytohormone auxin, as cellular concentrations of auxin increase in developing syncytia. Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) Hg19C07 is a novel effector protein expressed specifically in the dorsal gland cell during nematode parasitism. Here, we describe its ortholog in the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii), Hs19C07. We demonstrate that Hs19C07 interacts with the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) auxin influx transporter LAX3. LAX3 is expressed in cells overlying lateral root primordia, providing auxin signaling that triggers the expression of cell wall-modifying enzymes, allowing lateral roots to emerge. We found that LAX3 and polygalacturonase, a LAX3-induced cell wall-modifying enzyme, are expressed in the developing syncytium and in cells to be incorporated into the syncytium. We observed no decrease in H. schachtii infectivity in aux1 and lax3 single mutants. However, a decrease was observed in both the aux1lax3 double mutant and the aux1lax1lax2lax3 quadruple mutant. In addition, ectopic expression of 19C07 was found to speed up lateral root emergence. We propose that Hs19C07 most likely increases LAX3-mediated auxin influx and may provide a mechanism for cyst nematodes to modulate auxin flow into root cells, stimulating cell wall hydrolysis for syncytium development.