中国水韭属两个四倍体新种

水韭属(Isoëtes)是起源最为古老的水生维管植物,全属物种均被列为国家一级重点保护植物。通过对全国水韭属植物的调查和研究发现,不同产地的四倍体植株在形态上存在显著差异。基于形态学、孢粉学和细胞学证据,将分布于中国湖南省长沙地区和怀化地区的四倍体居群分别命名为隆平水韭(Isoëtes longpingii)和湘妃水韭(I. xiangfei),并详细描述了其形态特征。隆平水韭形态上与中华水韭(I. sinensis)相似,不同之处在于其大孢子具小的瘤状或冠状纹饰,叶细长而柔弱,长达60 cm; 该种也与六倍体东方水韭(I. orientalis)相似,不同之处在于其染色体44条,大孢子具瘤状或冠状纹饰。湘妃水韭的大孢子纹饰虽与二倍体云贵水韭(I. yunguiensis)相似,但在小孢子纹饰、孢子囊形状和染色体数目方面却不同。隆平水韭仅少数植株生长于湖南省宁乡市一处池塘,完全沉水生长,而湘妃水韭则分布于怀化市通道县和会同县的湿地。由于这两个新种的分布区狭窄,野生居群数量和个体数较少,栖息地环境受到人为干扰,因此根据IUCN红色名录评估标准,将隆平水韭评为极危(CR)等级,湘妃水韭评为易危(VU)等级。所编制的中国已知水韭属物种的分种检索表,为本属物种的鉴定和保护工作提供了重要参考。     

中国3种水韭属植物自然居群水体化学性质特征及差异性研究

 通过测定20个化学因子,利用平均值、变异系数和差异显著性检验,分析研究了中国3种水生水韭属植物中华水韭(Isoetes sinensis)、云贵水韭(I. yunguiensis)和高寒水韭(I. hypsophila)自然居群水体化学性质的特征和差异性。结果显示：这３种水韭属植物生活水体的20个化学因子整体上表现出Ni含量占绝对优势、电导率较低、受干扰较小的共同特征;虽然平均值和变异系数变化较大,但除了pH、P、NO3-N、NO3-和Al具有显著性差异以外,其余各因子在3个种的生活水体间相对稳定不具显著性差异。结合其它的研究结果分析表明：这3种水韭属植物自然居群水体化学性质的差异可能源于这3种水韭属植物生理特征的差异性,对3种水韭属植物的分布不具选择差异性。     

极濒危植物中华水韭屯溪居群调查研究报告

中华水韭（Isoetes sinensisPalmer）为水韭科（Isoetaceae）水韭属（Isoetes）多年生沼泽植物,由于人为干扰日益严重,现分布范围急剧缩小,种群数量稀少,处于濒危状态,已被列为国家一级重点保护野生植物。为科学合理的保护和抢救这一珍稀濒危植物资源提供理论依据,为此对中华水韭屯溪居群的生长环境、面积、株丛数量、水体的pH值、伴生植物种类和生存现状等的调查研究。中华水韭屯溪居群面积500m^2,株丛密度较大,水体pH值为6.55,伴生植物有40余种,其中10种有较高优势度,生存面临多重威胁,保护迫在眉睫。     

秦岭芍药属植物及其地理分布修订

在野外调查的基础上,结合查阅标本和文献比对,对秦岭地区芍药属(Paeonia)植物及其地理分布进行修订。结果表明,秦岭地区分布有芍药属8个野生种及1个栽培种,可分为牡丹组(Section Mouton DC.)和芍药组(Sect. Paeonia)。地理分布格局研究表明：芍药组内4个种：草芍药(P. obovata)、美丽芍药(P. mairei)、芍药(P. lactiflora)、川赤芍(P. anomala subsp. veitchii)和牡丹组中的牡丹(P. suffruticosa Andrews)、紫斑牡丹(P. rockii)为秦岭广布种,卵叶牡丹(P. qiui)和杨山牡丹(P. ostii)为秦岭中东部分布种,矮牡丹(P.jishanensis)为秦岭东部分布种。根据修订,给出了秦岭地区芍药属植物分种检索表。     

中国水韭属植物的染色体数目及其分类学意义

利用细胞学方法观察统计了中国4种水韭属Isoestes植物的染色体数目。结果发现4个种的染色体基数均为x=11,其中高寒水韭I．hypsophila Hand.-Mazz．为2n=22,为首次报道;台湾水韭 I．taiwanensis DeVol为2n=22;中华水韭I．sinensis Palmer 2n=44为四倍体;而产于云南贵州一带并一直被当作是宽叶水韭I．japonica A．Br．的水韭属植物2n=22,与文献报道的宽叶水韭(2n=66,67,77,87,88,89)完全不同,应重新予以认识和评价。依据本文和其他相关的研究结果,对东亚水韭属植物进行了分类处理。     

热带珊瑚岛不同生活型植物叶片性状及其生态适应性意义

为探究热带珊瑚岛植物对高温、高光照、土壤贫瘠生境的适应性,对热带珊瑚岛不同生活型植物叶片功能性状及其生态适应策略差异进行研究。结果表明,不同生活型植物叶片全N、纤维素含量,C/N、水分利用效率和比叶面积存在显著差异;叶片功能性状间的显著相关性表明植物在资源分配和生长投资间存在权衡;不同物种在珊瑚岛生境中采取不同的生态策略,且呈现明显趋异性。在热带珊瑚岛植被恢复实践中,可优先选择的乔木树种为抗风桐(Pisonia grandis),灌木为银毛树(Tournefortia argentea),但同时要防范飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)、孪花蟛蜞菊(Wollastonia biflora)和南美蟛蜞菊(Sphagne- ticola trilobata)的扩张。     

福建省五种植物新记录

植物资源普查是掌握植物物种及数量变化的基础,对研究植物的地理分布和生物多样性具有重要意义。通过对2017年—2018年期间福建省本土植物调查过程中采集的植物标本进行整理和鉴定,发现了福建省被子植物5个新记录种,即台湾附地菜(Trigonotis formosana)、浙江琴柱草(Salvia nipponica subsp. zhejiangensis)、笔龙胆(Gentiana zollingeri)、大头茶(Polyspora axillaris)和钝颖落芒草(Piptatherum kuoi),均为福建省新记录种,大头茶属(Polyspora)和落芒草属(Piptatherum)为福建省新记录属。这些新记录植物的发现,丰富了福建省原生植物资源,为植物区系研究提供了新的资料。     

珍稀濒危蕨类植物中华水韭染色体数目的研究

蕨类植物中华水韭 Isoetes sinensis Palmer,隶属于拟蕨类水韭亚门水韭目水韭科水韭属。该亚门现仅存单目单科 2属 [1] ,形态特征独特 ,系统位置也原始而孤立 [2 ] ,其染色体资料对探讨单目单科水韭属植物的系统演化进而对蕨类植物系统演化均极具意义。水韭属植物全世界现存约 1 30种[1] ,主要分布于北半球 ,我国仅有 4种 ,且数量十分稀少 ,全部被列为国家一级重点保护对象 ,其中 ,中华水韭是中国境内发现的第一种水韭 ,现仅零星存在于江苏、安徽、浙江、江西的少数湿地 [3 ,4] ,已处于极度濒危状态 [4] 。目前有关水韭属植物染色体资料均…     

基于光合参数探讨四种藓类作水族箱植物的应用潜力

水生藓类植物适宜作为水簇箱植物,许多半水生藓类植物同样能够生长于水体环境中。中国东部地区的水生藓类植物种类不多,陆生藓类植物能否应用于水族箱中?为了回答这一问题,需要阐明陆生藓类植物对水体环境的适应能力。该研究测定了匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens),弯叶灰藓(Hypnum hamulosum)、 白发藓(Leucobryum glaucum)和虎尾藓(Hedwigia ciliata)在与它们的自然生境相似条件下以及沉水环境下的光合参数,并应用直角双曲线模型拟合了它们的光-光合响应曲线。结果表明:这四种藓类植物在最大净光合速率(Pn)、光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)上存在很大差异。它们的最大净光合速率、光饱和点和光补偿点的变异范围分别为122.575～19.099 μmol CO₂·kg^-1 DW·s^-1、1 166.00～670.030 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和85.000～5.3 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。在沉水环境中生长30 d后,匐枝青藓、弯叶灰藓和白发藓的最大净光合速率分别是对照的110.78%、80.84%和109.63%,说明在实验周期里这三种藓类植物能够在水体环境中生存,而虎尾藓在水体中浸泡20 d后,其最大净光合速率仅为对照的5.25%,反映出该种植物并不适应水体环境。综上可知,四种藓类植物的光合速率与其形态结构和原生境条件有很大的关系,虽然匐枝青藓、弯叶灰藓和白发藓主要分布于陆生环境,但作为水族箱植物也具有一定的应用潜力。     

不同盐渍化生境野生乌拉尔甘草土壤细菌群落结构及功能预测分析

【目的】探究典型盐生药用植物野生乌拉尔甘草在不同盐渍化生境下土壤细菌群落多样性、组成和功能特征,有助于建立土壤盐分与甘草生长发育、药材品质形成相关的微生物组之间的联系,对栽培甘草药材品质提高具有重要意义。【方法】从野生乌拉尔甘草的6个主分布区采集原生境土壤,采用高通量测序技术比较非盐渍(un-salinization, US)、轻度盐渍(light salinization, LS)、中度盐渍(moderate salinization, MS)以及重度盐渍(heavy salinization, HS)生境中土壤细菌群落多样性、组成及功能的差异,并挖掘不同生境中优势细菌。【结果】野生乌拉尔甘草原生境土壤细菌群落丰富度和多样性在轻度盐渍(LS)组和中度盐渍(MS)组中明显高于非盐渍(US)组、重度盐渍(HS)组,且重度盐渍(HS)组最低。主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)表明不同盐渍程度组间的野生乌拉尔甘草土壤细菌群落组成和功能具有显著差异(P<0.05);冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)表明,土壤盐分(total salt, TS)既是影响原生境土壤细菌群落组成也是影响群落功能的重要因子。属水平,非盐渍(US)组和轻度盐渍(LS)组中的显著优势细菌相同,均为植物有益菌,包括类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、栖大理石菌属(Marmoricola);重度盐渍(MS)组中显著优势属既包括有益菌未鉴定_酸杆菌属(unidentified_Acidobacteria),也包括嗜盐菌盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、海杆菌属(Marinobacter);重度盐渍(HS)组中显著优势细菌以嗜盐菌或耐盐菌为主,包括盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、海杆菌属(Marinobacter)、楚帕氏菌属(Truepera)、别样矿生菌属(Aliifodinibius)、盐坑微菌属(Salinimicrobium)和需盐杆菌属(Salegentibacter)。PICRUSt功能预测分析强调非盐渍(US)组、轻度盐渍(LS)组和中度盐渍(MS)组中的土壤细菌群落与植物互作方面的潜力,表明非盐渍、轻度盐渍和中度盐渍生境中的有益菌对野生乌拉尔甘草生长发育、品质形成具有重要影响。PICRUSt功能预测同时也强调了重度盐渍(HS)组在自我修复适应高盐环境以及参与野生乌拉尔甘草耐盐性提高方面具有潜能,表明重度盐渍生境中的嗜盐菌和耐盐菌对乌拉尔甘草抗盐能力具有重要作用。中度盐渍生境兼具以上二者优势菌群的特征,是值得关注的类型。【结论】野生乌拉尔甘草土壤细菌群落多样性和丰富度在轻度盐渍和中度盐渍生境中明显高于非盐渍和重度盐渍生境;细菌群落的组成和功能在非盐渍和轻度盐渍生境中具有相似性,并与重度盐渍生境存在显著差异,中度盐渍生境兼具以上二者的特征。     

Recruitment of the high elevation cushion plant Arenaria polytrichoides is limited by competition,thus threatened by currently established vegetation

Cushion plants have been confirmed to be keystone species of alpine ecosystems. However, the adaptive strategies responsible for their recruitment and persistence remain largely unclear. Also, the effect of competition by species already established in surrounding vegetation is not known. We first assessed population size and the frequency distribution of individuals of different size in communities of the keystone cushion Arenaria polytrichoides Edgew. along an elevational gradient in southwestern China. Furthermore, in controlled experiments the effects of soil quality, light availability, and competition by other species on seedling recruitment and survival was tested. At lower elevation individuals were larger (elder), but population size (density) was lower compared to higher elevation; similarly, adults and old individuals were relatively more frequent at low elevation, whereas juvenile and small individuals were more frequent at higher elevations. Seedling recruitment differed depending on soil origin with seeds sown in soils from low elevation having a higher germination percentage and seedling survival when grown without competition. Competition by other species delayed germination but did not influence the final germination percentage, but it increased seedling mortality and reduced their survival. Full light accelerated the germination process, but did not affect final germination percentage and seedling mortality. Results suggest that the recruitment and persistence of A. polytrichoides is strongly affected by competition, whereas temperature and soil quality are less important. We speculate that when populations of cushion A. polytrichoides are likely to be exposed to higher competition due to environmental changes, this species is in danger of being weeded out.     

Fire controls population structure in four dominant tree species in a tropical savanna

The persistence of mesic savannas has been theorised as being dependent on disturbances that restrict the number of juveniles growing through the sapling size class to become fire-tolerant trees. We analysed the population structures of four dominant tropical savanna tree species from 30 locations in Kakadu National Park (KNP), northern Australia. We found that across KNP as a whole, the population size structures of these species do not exhibit recruitment bottlenecks. However, individual stands had multimodal size-class distributions and mixtures of tree species consistent with episodic and individualistic recruitment of co-occurring tree species. Using information theory and multimodel inference, we examined the relative importance of fire frequency, stand basal area and elevation difference between a site and permanent water in explaining variations in the proportion of sapling to adult stems in four dominant tree species. This showed that the proportion of the tree population made up of saplings was negatively related to both fire frequencies and stand basal area. Overall, fire frequency has density-dependent effects in the regulation of the transition of saplings to trees in this Australian savanna, due to interactions with stem size, regeneration strategies, growth rates and tree–tree competition. Although stable at the regional scale, the spatiotemporal variability of fire can result in structural and floristic diversity of savanna tree populations.     

DISTRIBUTION OF DIURNAL ACID METABOLISM IN THE GENUS ISOETES

Previous studies have revealed a crassulacean acid metabolism-like pathway in the submerged aquatic Isoetes howellii (Isoetaceae). A survey of 11 other species in this largely aquatic genus showed all had diurnal fluctuations in titratable acidity and malic acid concentration. The magnitude of the diurnal fluctuation in titratable acidity varied from 119 (μeq g^–1 fresh weight) for I. bolanderi to 44 for I. engelmanni. Although these species were grown under similar conditions in a greenhouse, it is questionable whether or not any significance can be attached to observed species specific differences in magnitude of diurnal acid fluctuation. This is suggested by a single species comparison of plants in the field with greenhouse grown plants which indicated nearly as much variation in magnitude of acid fluctuations as observed across all species in the greenhouse. Much of this variation may be due to seasonal differences. Substrate appears to have very little effect on magnitude of acid fluctuations. Since this survey covered most of the range of the latitudinal, elevational, habitat, and morphological variation in the genus, it is likely that diurnal acid metabolism will prove to be common in the genus Isoetes.     

Soil temperature drives elevational patterns of reproductive allometry in a biodiversity hotspot

Understanding the geographic patterns of reproductive allocation helps in clarifying the selective forces that shape the reproductive strategies of plants. However, studies on the elevational patterns of reproductive allocation remain limited. Moreover, although soil attributes have long been suspected to drive elevational patterns of reproductive allocation, few studies have explored this relationship. Delaying reproduction and allocating a high proportion of biomass to vegetative organs may be risky for plants living under high-elevation habitats, as these two processes can potentially lead to plant reproductive failure due to the low temperatures and short growing seasons at high elevations. Thus, we hypothesize that reproductive effort will increase with elevation and the elevational pattern of reproductive allocation will be largely driven by soil attributes, given their covariation with elevation. To test these hypotheses, we determined the vegetative and reproductive biomass of individual Impatiens arguta (Balsaminaceae) plants across 12 populations in the Gaoligong Mountains (China), and collected data on soil temperature, nutrients, moisture, and pH for each population. Based on standard major axis regression and linear regression models, we found that (1) both vegetative and reproductive biomass decreased with elevation; (2) all populations demonstrated significant allometric slopes (i.e., linear coefficients of log[reproductive biomass]???log[vegetative biomass] regressions)?>?1; (3) allometric slopes decreased with elevation; and (4) soil temperature was a better predictor of the allometric slope than elevation, i.e., the allometric slope decreased with soil temperature. These results suggest that plant species growing at high elevation invest proportionately more resources to reproduction as an adaptation to low-temperature environments, and reproductive output is heavily dependent on vegetative growth. This study provides the first evidence of soil temperature driving reproductive allocation patterns, which suggests that plant species will favor allocation to growth under increasing soil temperatures with climate warming.

     

Microsatellite primers in the endangered quillwort Isoetes hypsophila (Isoetaceae) and cross-amplification in I. sinensis

? Premise of the study: The first microsatellite primers were developed for Isoetes hypsophila, an endangered quillwort species endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China, to further describe its genetic variability and population structure. We also examined their cross-amplification in a congeneric species, I. sinensis. ? Methods and Results: Using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences COntaining Repeats (FIASCO) protocol, nine microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized in 32 samples from four natural populations of I. hypsophila. The primers amplified di- and hexanucleotide repeats with three to 11 alleles per locus. Seven of nine primers were cross-amplified in I. sinensis with two to seven alleles per locus. ? Conclusion: The microsatellite loci primers will be useful for studies of genetic diversity and gene flow in natural populations of Isoetes species.     

Mitochondrial COI and 16sRNA Evidence for a Single Species Hypothesis of E. vitis,J. formosana and E. onukii in East Asia

Tea green leafhopper is one of the most damaging tea pests in main tea production regions of East Asia. For lack of recognized morphological characters, the dominant species of tea green leafhoppers in Mainland China, Taiwan and Japan have always been named as Empoasca vitis Göthe, Jacobiasca formosana Paoli and Empoasca onukii MATSUDA, respectively. Furthermore, nothing is known about the genetic relationships among them. In this study, we collected six populations from Mainland China, four populations from Japan and one population from Taiwan, and examined the genetic distances in the COI and 16sRNA regions of mtDNA among them. The results showed that the genetic distances based on single gene or the combined sequences among eleven leafhopper populations were 0.3–1.2%, which were all less than the species boundary of 2%. Moreover, there were at least two haplotypes shared by two distinct populations from different regions. The phylogenetic analysis based on single gene or combined sets also supported that tea green leafhoppers from Mainland China, Taiwan and Japan were closely related to each other, and there were at least two specimens from different regions clustered ahead of those from the same region. Therefore, we propose that the view of recognizing the dominant species of tea green leafhoppers in three adjacent tea production regions of East Asia as different species is unreliable or questionable and suggest that they are a single species.     

Growth and competition in clonal plants-persistence of shoot populations and species diversity

This paper reviews studies on growth and size-structure dynamics of shoots and clones in clonal plants in comparison with those in non-clonal plants, and discusses the characteristics of clonal plants. The mode of competition between individuals (symmetric versus asymmetric, degree of competitive asymmetry), growth dynamics of individuals, allocation pattern between organs and spatial pattern of individuals are closely correlated with each other in non-clonal plant populations. Theoretical and field studies based on the diffusion model revealed that plants of “height-growth” type (mostly early-successional tree species) and plants of “diameter-growth” type (mostly late-successional tree species) tend to exhibit asymmetric competition and symmetric competition respectively. Moreover, asymmetrically competing plants show smaller effects of variation in individual growth rate and spatial pattern on the size-structure dynamics of the population than symmetrically competing plants. Thefefore, the spatial pattern of inviduals should be considered especially for plants undergoing symmetric competition. These results for non-clonal plants should have a significant implication also for the growth dynamics and competition in clonal plants. The mean growth rate of shoots [G(t,x) function] and hence the mode of competition between shoots differs among clonal plant species as in non-clonal plants. However, a large magnitude and size-independence (or slightly negative size-dependence) of the variation in growth rate of shoots [D(t,x) function], especially at the early stage in a growing season is a common characteristic of many clonal plant species, in contrast to the positively size-dependent variation in individual growth rate in non-clonal plants. This type of variation in shoot growth rate leads to the persistence of stable shoot populations even when the mean growth rate function is changed, and also in cases where the shoot population structure would be unstable in the absence of variation in growth rate. It is suggested that competition between clones is symmetric in most clonal plant species, which brings about small-scale spatio-temporal changes in species abundance and hence species diversity.