温州蜜柑果实生长动态特征及影响因子的分析

金衢盆地柑桔生产历史悠久。近10年来发展很快,已形成浙江第二个柑桔产区。由于受东亚季风气候影响,该区柑桔不但冬季易遭冻害,而且夏秋易受高温干旱危害,冬季的低温冻害和夏季的高温干旱是造成桔柑减产的两个主要     

融冻型冻害对植物的影响

信阳位于大别山北麓,属亚热带向暖温带过渡地带。地垮北纬31°23′—32°40′,东径113°42′—115°56′之间。年均温度15.1℃,最冷1月,月均温1.7℃,最热7月,月均温25.3℃,全年≥5℃的日数269—274天,积温5250—5383℃,无霜期217—248天,冻结期30余天,降水量年均900—1200毫米。据地区气象资料分析,本区有10年一大冻,5年一小冻的灾害性天气。1992年3月1—5日寒潮就是10年一大冻,给信阳地区部分植物造成严重的冻害。     

柑桔木虱及其防治

柑砧术虱是柑桔新梢期重要害虫,刺吸为害。福建福州在柑桔上一年发生8代,在月桔、九里香上一年约发生10代左右,世代重叠,以成虫在柑桔叶背群集越冬,无完全滞育。4—5月气温22．3℃世代历期42．5天．6-7月27．2℃为24．4天．8月28．1℃为23．2天。10-12月19.6℃为52．9天。成虫寿命长,约历1个月半,越冬代长达半年。田间种群消长与柑桔芽梢抽发期相对应．一年中虫口数量出现3个高峰期,第一峰期3-4月为柑桔春梢主要抽发期,第二峰期5-6月为夏梢主要抽发期,第三峰期8～9月为秋梢主要抽发期,其中以秋梢期虫口数量最大．秋芽受害最重,次为春梢期。本还对柑桔术虱天敌进行调查,并对柑桔术虱卵、若虫和成虫进行药剂防治试验。     

柑桔的冻害生理和冻后管理

发展柑桔生产是使农民致富奔小康的好门路，目前扩展很快，效益也很好。但柑桔主要生长在亚热带的较南地区，对于地处亚热带北缘的湖南、江西、浙江的北部，安徽、江苏南部和上海市等地，柑桔往往因冬季寒流频繁的袭击而遭受冻害。柑桔（主要是温州蜜桔）在极端最低气温达到一7aC时，即会有不同程度的伤害，若达到一13C时，则会导致部分或全部死亡。低温持续时间愈长柑桔受害程度愈重。1991年12月下旬长江以南的许多柑桔种植区极端最低气温曾达*5℃—-7℃，并持续了3天之久，有些地区则出现了短时间的-13℃左右的最低气温，致使大面积桔园…     

农业气象灾害灾情等级划分与年景评估

利用福建省1980—2004年农业成灾面积资料,计算主要气象灾害(干旱、洪涝、风雹和低温冻害)的成灾率及其变异值,在此基础上将4类气象灾害分为5个等级,并给予相应的分值,采用灰色关联分析方法,计算4类气象灾害与总灾害的关联度,得到其对农业生产的影响权重为旱灾>冻害>风、雹灾>水灾,建立农业气象灾情的综合评价模型并对25a的农业年景进行分级和综合评价。结果表明:福建农业气象灾害中灾及以下灾情的出现频率占到了总数的88%,灾情最重的年份为1999年,灾情最轻的年份为1984年;农业气象灾害对农业生产的危害随年代增大,而且波动加剧。     

长江下游桔区低温规律的分析

本文应用统计分析方法,找出该区低温具有37年周期;该区近百年来历年极端最低气温累计上升1℃左右。由于冬季转暖,引起柑桔在一些地区大量发展,但该区未来仍存在低温冻害,值得柑桔生产上的重视。     

柑桔果胶提制工艺通过鉴定

由福建省亚热带植物研究所研制的柑桔果胶,于1987年12月5日在莆田市通过省级鉴定。有22个单位共28位同行专家和代表参加了"柑桔果胶研制扩大试验"技术鉴定会。会议期间专家和代表们听取了有关研究报告,参观现场设备并品尝试制的果胶软糖,审议了有关研究技术资料,经鉴定委员会和全体代表充分讨论,一致通过了技术鉴定书,并建议尽快投入批量生产。     

简讯

福建省植物生理专业学术讨论会于1990年12月12～14日在厦门召开,来自高校和科研单位的40拉代表参加了会议。会上介绍了中国植物生理学会第5次全国会议、国际橡胶学术讨论会,国际柑桔学术讨论会和全国果蔬保鲜技术研讨会的概况,并进行了广泛的学术交流,论文有:巴西橡胶树生物膜的冷害、外源     

气候变化背景下黄淮冬麦区冬季长寒型冻害时空变化特征

冻害是影响我国北方冬小麦生产主要的农业气象灾害之一,明确气候变化背景下冻害发生规律和演变特征,对防御冻害具有重要的意义。以黄淮冬麦区为研究区域,利用1960—2010年47个气象台站逐日气温资料,在分析越冬期负积温和越冬期长度变化特征基础上,以越冬期负积温为指标分析了黄淮冬麦区冬季长寒型冻害发生频率及站次比演变特征,并利用冻害实际灾情资料对研究结果进行验证。研究结果表明:(1)黄淮冬麦区越冬期负积温绝对值在过去50a平均为17.3—240.8℃·d,空间上呈南少北多的纬向分布特征,且近50a呈减少趋势,全区负积温绝对值每10年减少1.8—38.3℃·d,这种变化趋势表现为南低北高的空间分布特征;(2)研究时段内全区越冬期长度呈波动性缩短趋势,尤其是研究区域北部地区,南部地区越冬期长度年际间变化不显著,且个别站点有些年份没有稳定越冬期,多集中在1985年以后;(3)黄淮冬麦区较轻冻害发生频率较高,为40%以上,空间上由北向南逐渐增大,站次比年代际呈增加趋势;中度冻害和较重冻害发生频率较低,多数站点在10%以下,空间上由北向南逐渐减小,站次比呈减少趋势;全区无严重冻害和极严重冻害风险。气候变化背景下,黄淮冬麦区冬季长寒型冻害风险较小,各站点冻害程度随年代变化逐渐减轻,较轻冻害的站点逐渐增多。     

多种物质对柑桔大实蝇的电生理活性及田间引诱效果评价

柑桔大实蝇Bactrocera minax (Enderlein)是柑桔类果树的重要害虫,诱杀成虫是防治该虫的一项重要措施。本文应用触角电位仪测定了10种物质不同浓度、7种常见配方及5种改进配方对柑桔大实蝇的电生理原理,2010和2011年在四川和重庆的5个柑桔园对9种配方的田间诱集效果进行评价。结果表明,柑桔大实蝇雌雄成虫对水解蛋白和乙酸的EAG值显著高于红糖、乙醇、甜橙汁、甜橙精油、乙酸乙酯、桔皮粉、柠檬酸和蜂蜜。雌、雄成虫的EAG值随着水解蛋白、乙酸浓度的增高而增大;雌虫的EAG值随乙醇浓度的增高而增大;而其余7种物质的浓度变化对雌雄成虫的EAG值影响较小。配方中,20%水解蛋白的EAG值和田间引诱效果均显著高于其它引诱物质和配方。改进型糖醋酒液分别添加5%水解蛋白和0.2%乙酸乙酯其诱集效果明显提高。本试验结果可为柑桔大实蝇引诱剂配方筛选和田间诱杀提供科学依据。     

Shifts in hatching date of American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) in southern Florida

Globally temperature of marine environments is on the rise and temperature plays an important role in the life-history of reptiles. In this study, we examined the relationship between sea surface temperature and average date of hatching for American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) over a 37-year period at two nesting sites, Everglades National Park and Florida Power and Light Turkey Point Power Plant site in southern Florida. Our results indicate that hatch dates are shifting 1.5 days earlier every two years and at half that rate for the Turkey Point site, and with every 1 °C degree increase in temperature, hatching occurs about 10 days earlier in the Everglades and 6 days earlier at Turkey Point. Our results on shifting hatch dates for American crocodiles provide further details about the impacts of temperature change on crocodile life history and suggest that increased temperature may affect their phenology.     

度胁迫对罂粟种子萌发影响及其活力变化规律的研究

为妥善保存罂粟种质资源及防止种子老化,研究了温度对罂粟种子萌发及种子活力的影响。结果表明:罂粟为高温敏感低温萌发型种子,发芽的适宜温度为10～20℃,最适温度为18℃左右,低于5℃和高于20℃的温度,种子萌发受到抑制;在对其进行丸化包衣时,加热温度应控制在60℃以内,时间应控制在60min以内;在常温库存条件下,罂粟种子活力随贮藏年限的增加而下降,贮藏时间超过五年后,发芽率低于50%,不宜作种用,在作为种质资源保存时,须每隔五年繁殖一次。     

THE INCIDENCE OF CERTAIN SEED-BORNE DISEASES IN COMMERCIAL SEED SAMPLES

The incidence of ergot, Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul., in commercial cereal seed samples submitted to the Official Seed Testing Station from 1918 to 1957 has been examined.
Rye samples were more frequently contaminated than wheat or barley and no cereal ergots were recorded in oats.
A relatively high proportion of ergot-contaminated rye samples occurred every 8–10 years. This appeared to be associated with high relative humidity and low maximum temperature during June. Similar trends were found for wheat and barley.
No varietal differences in susceptibility to ergot contamination were found for rye or barley, but there was some evidence that spring wheat varieties were more frequently contaminated than winter ones.     

When to worry about the weather: role of tidal cycle in determining patterns of risk in intertidal ecosystems

Species range boundaries are determined by a variety of factors of which climate is one of the most influential. As a result, climate change is expected to have a profound effect on organisms and ecosystems. However, the impacts of weather and climate are frequently modified by multiple nonclimatic factors. Therefore, the role of these nonclimatic factors needs to be examined in order to understand and predict future change. Marine intertidal ecosystems are exposed to heat extremes during warm, sunny, midday low tides. Thus, the timing of low tide, a nonclimatic factor, determines the potential contact intertidal invertebrates and algae have with heat extremes. We developed a method that quantifies the daily risk of high temperature extremes in the marine intertidal using solar elevations and spatially continuous tidal predictions. The frequency of 'risky days' is variable over time and space along the Pacific Coast of North America. Results show that at some sites the percentage of risky days in June can vary by 30% across years. In order to do a detailed analysis, we selected San Francisco as a study site. In San Francisco, May is the month with the greatest frequency of risky days, even though September is the month with the greatest frequency of high air temperature, ≥30 °C. These results indicate that marine intertidal organisms can be protected from high temperature extremes due to the timing of tides and local weather patterns. In addition, annual fluctuations in tides influence the frequency of intertidal zone exposures to high temperature extremes. Peaks in risk for heat extremes in the intertidal zone occur every 18 years, the length of the tidal epoch. These results suggest that nonclimatic variables can complicate predictions of shifts in species ranges due to climate change, but that mechanistic approaches can be used to produce predictions that include these factors.     

Purification of Masked Temperature data from Humans: Some Preliminary Observations on a Comparison of the use of an Activity Diary, Wrist Actimetry, and Heart Rate Monitoring

Fourteen ambulatory subjects, varying in their amount of habitual physical activity, were studied for 24h during a total of 25 “typical” days. Rectal temperature was recorded every 6 minutes, an activity diary was filled in every half hour, and wrist activity and heart rate were monitored every minute. Actimetry and heart rate data generally showed close parallelism with each other and with the masking effects on body temperature. Psychological stressors such as public speaking produced a greater effect on heart rate and body temperature than on wrist movement, while typing produced high values for wrist movement, but affected heart rate and temperature much less. When data for the circadian rhythm of body temperature were purified, the diary, actimetry, and measurement of heart rate were all useful in reducing masking effects, but the present evidence indicates that heart rate can be more successful than actimetry-as judged by the closeness of the purified data to a sinusoid. This superiority of heart rate monitoring over wrist activity as a method of purification might be because core temperature can be increased by stressor-induced thermogenesis, as well as by physical activity, and because wrist movement can, with some activities, give an inaccurate estimate of the factors that contribute to whole-body thermogenesis.     

Return of the moth: rethinking the effect of climate on insect outbreaks

The sudden interruption of recurring larch budmoth (LBM; Zeiraphera diniana or griseana Gn.) outbreaks across the European Alps after 1982 was surprising, because populations had regularly oscillated every 8–9 years for the past 1200 years or more. Although ecophysiological evidence was limited and underlying processes remained uncertain, climate change has been indicated as a possible driver of this disruption. An unexpected, recent return of LBM population peaks in 2017 and 2018 provides insight into this insect’s climate sensitivity. Here, we combine meteorological and dendrochronological data to explore the influence of temperature variation and atmospheric circulation on cyclic LBM outbreaks since the early 1950s. Anomalous cold European winters, associated with a persistent negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation, coincide with four consecutive epidemics between 1953 and 1982, and any of three warming-induced mechanisms could explain the system’s failure thereafter: (1) high egg mortality, (2) asynchrony between egg hatch and foliage growth, and (3) upward shifts of outbreak epicentres. In demonstrating that LBM populations continued to oscillate every 8–9 years at sub-outbreak levels, this study emphasizes the relevance of winter temperatures on trophic interactions between insects and their host trees, as well as the importance of separating natural from anthropogenic climate forcing on population behaviour.     

The Effect of Bright/Dim Light Exposure During the Daytime on Rectal Temperature and Plasma Glucose Concentration in Healthy Women

The aim of our present study was to establish if there are any changes in core temperature and plasma glucose concentration during exposure to bright (5000 lx) and dim (100 lx) light. Ten healthy women (age: 19.6 ± 1.66 years) were studied in climatic chamber in which ambient temperature and relative humidity were maintained at 26°C and 60% RH, respectively. Rectal temperature was measured every 5 min and blood samples for determination of glucose were collected every 2 h. Each participant took part in both sessions in bright light and dim light conditions on different days with an interval of at least 1 day. Our results have shown that glucose concentration increases in bright light conditions as compared to dim light conditions but it remains within the normal range values for healthy subjects. On the other hand, there is a slight but significant decrease in rectal temperature in bright light in comparison to dim light conditions. The findings showing the decreased rectal temperature with concomitant increase in glucose concentration observed in bright light conditions might be explained by the mechanism involving melatonin action as shown previously by Aizawa and Tokura (1999).     

The Effect of Bright/Dim Light Exposure During the Daytime on Rectal Temperature and Plasma Glucose Concentration in Healthy Women

The aim of our present study was to establish if there are any changes in core temperature and plasma glucose concentration during exposure to bright (5000 lx) and dim (100 lx) light. Ten healthy women (age: 19.6 ± 1.66 years) were studied in climatic chamber in which ambient temperature and relative humidity were maintained at 26°C and 60% RH, respectively. Rectal temperature was measured every 5 min and blood samples for determination of glucose were collected every 2 h. Each participant took part in both sessions in bright light and dim light conditions on different days with an interval of at least 1 day. Our results have shown that glucose concentration increases in bright light conditions as compared to dim light conditions but it remains within the normal range values for healthy subjects. On the other hand, there is a slight but significant decrease in rectal temperature in bright light in comparison to dim light conditions. The findings showing the decreased rectal temperature with concomitant increase in glucose concentration observed in bright light conditions might be explained by the mechanism involving melatonin action as shown previously by Aizawa and Tokura (1999).     

Is the life cycle of high arctic aphids adapted to climate change?

The high arctic aphid Acyrthosiphon svalbardicum Heikinheimo is endemic to Svalbard and has developed a shortened life cycle to cope with harsh environmental conditions prevailing in this archipelago. Previous studies in the 1990s showed that contrarily to Sitobion calvulum, a species which is also restricted to Svalbard and displays a two-generation life cycle, A. svalbardicum can produce a third generation that, on average, should complete its development and reproduction once every 28 years. Because temperature has risen substantially in Svalbard during the past 10 –15 years and is predicted to rise further, budget requirements for this extra-generation should be met more and more frequently and the impact of the resulting demographic increase should be easily measurable in field populations of A. svalbardicum. Here, we tested this hypothesis by performing a series of experiments designed to study population dynamics and morph production of A. svalbardicum. Surprisingly, the three-generation life cycle was not detected either in field populations surveyed for two consecutive years or in controlled conditions where temperature was manipulated. Although we cannot reject the possibility that A. svalbardicum populations may develop a three-generation life cycle under certain circumstances, this strategy seems very rare and not adaptive as it would have been selected in the recent years of warming observed in Svalbard.     

Study onPlatanus hispanica Miller pollen content in the air of Seville, southern Spain

The work was carried out using a Cour trap that sampled the air of the city for 8 consecutive years (1987–1994). The pollen ofPlatanus hispanica is the fourth most abundant in the air of Seville (a mean of 11.05% of the total pollen collected). The variation throughout the years in the sum of weekly concentrations ofPlatanus hispanica pollen presents a certain biennial rhythm, in which years of high and low collection of pollen alternate. The starting day of the main pollination period (MPP) is negatively related with the mean of the mean temperatures for February (r=0.73,r ²=0.53,P=0.0398) and is earlier (at the beginning of March) when the mean temperature for February is high, and vice versa. The pattern of pollen variation inPlatanus hispanica remains constant through the years—pollen appears abruptly in high weekly concentrations (> 150 grains/m³) in March (sporadically at the beginning of April), with a week of maximum pollen emission (WMPE) in which more than 50% of the annual pollen is collected (in 6 of the 8 years), and a main pollination period (MPP) of 2 or 3 weeks (except in 1989 when it was 5 weeks). In every year (except 1989), weekly mean temperatures increased during the MPP, the duration of which depends on mean temperature and mean rainfall: mean temperatures > 16°C and absence of rainfall shorten the MPP, while lower temperatures and presence of rainfall lengthen it. The meteorological conditions most often found during the WMPE are mean temperatures > 15°C and rainfall absent or almost so.