High expression level of antioxidants and pharmaceutical bioactivities of endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum JN711454

In order to maximize antioxidant activity of pharmaceutical bioactive endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum JN711454 during fermentation process, designed fermentation experiments of culture media for three levels of eight culture factors were performed using a Taguchi orthogonal array (OA) design with layout L18 (2¹ × 3⁷). The agitation and the potato extract were the most significant affecting factors, and their interaction contributed significantly to fungus activity. The production of antioxidants was more favorable for static condition with 25 g potato extract/100 m. The remaining factors had no strong impact when considered individually. The validation of statistically optimized medium indicated the improvement of antioxidant activity to a level of twofold with approximately overall 40% enhancement in activity. The extract of optimized medium was investigated for various pharmaceutical bioactivities; it revealed a moderate antimicrobial activity, strong anticancer activity against HepG-2, UACC62 cell lines, an antiviral activity against HSV-2 virus, and strong inhibitory activity to butyrylcholinesterase enzyme, one of the neurohydrolase enzymes that play a major role in development of Alzheimer’s disease. As a result of applying statistical fermentation designs, the optimized conditions of endophytic fungus C. globosum JN711454 developed a cost-effective production medium by using inexpensive commercial potato extracts statically, which can lower the energy requirement and could become an efficient, economic, and viable fermentation process for production of pharmaceutical secondary metabolites.     

Antifungal Metabolites Produced by Chaetomium globosum No.04, an Endophytic Fungus Isolated from Ginkgo biloba

The fungal endophyte Chaetomium globosum No.04 was isolated from the medicinal plant Ginkgo biloba. The crude extract of the fungus fermentation were active in the agar-diffusion tests against the phytopathogenic fungi Rhizopus stolonifer and Coniothyrium diplodiella. Further bioassay-guided chemical investigation led to the isolation and purification of six alkaloids and three non-targeted compounds from 50 L fermentation of this endophytic fungus and their structures were elucidated as chaetoglobosin A, C, D, E, G, R (1-6), ergosterol, allantoin and uracil, by means of spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1-6 showed significant growth inhibitory activity against R. stolonifer and C. diplodiella at a concentration of 20 μg/disc. We present here, for the first time, the potent antifungal activity of chaetoglobosins from endophytic fungi against two important phytopathogenic fungi R. stolonifer and C. diplodiella.     

In Vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibition and Antioxidative Potential of an Endophyte Species (Streptomyces sp. Loyola UGC) Isolated from Datura stramonium L

Endophytic actinomycetes isolated from Datura stramonium L. was evaluated for its effects against in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant, and free radical scavenging activities. Based on microbial cultural characteristic and 16S rRNA sequencing, it was identified as Streptomyces sp. loyola UGC. The methanolic extract of endophytic actinomycetes (MeEA) shows remarkable inhibition of α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ 730.21 ± 1.33 μg/ml), scavenging activity on 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC₅₀ 435.31 ± 1.79 μg/ml), hydroxyl radical (IC₅₀ 350.21 ± 1.02 μg/ml), nitric oxide scavenging (IC₅₀ 800.12 ± 1.05 μg/ml), superoxide anion radical (IC₅₀ 220.31 ± 1.47 μg/ml), as well as a high and dose-dependent reducing power. The MeEA also showed a strong suppressive effect on rat liver lipid peroxidation. Antioxidants of β-carotene linoleate model system revels significantly lower than BHA. The total phenolic content of the extract was 176 mg of catechol equivalents/gram extract. Perusal of this study indicates MeEA can be used as natural resource of α-glucosidase inhibitor and antioxidants.     

Cytotoxic azaphilone alkaloids from Chaetomium globosum TY1

Three novel azaphilone alkaloids, namely chaetomugilides A–C (1–3), together with three related compounds (4–6) were isolated from the methanol extract of Chaetomium globosum TY1, an endophytic fungus isolated from Ginkgo biloba. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR as well as HRESI-MS spectroscopic data analysis. The isolated compounds exhibited highly cytotoxic activities against human cancer cell line HePG2 with the IC₅₀ values range from 1.7 to 53.4 μM.     

Bionectria ochroleuca NOTL33—an endophytic fungus from Nothapodytes foetida producing antimicrobial and free radical scavenging metabolites

Endophytic fungi are reported to produce diverse classes of secondary metabolites. This study investigated the antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activity of a foliar endophytic fungus from Nothapodytes foetida, a medium sized tree known to produce the antineoplastic compound camptothecin. The fungal isolate was identified as Bionectria ochroleuca based on the ITS rDNA analysis. The differences among endophytic, pathogenic and free living Bionectria ochroleuca were established by RNA secondary structure analysis. The metabolites showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial, antifungal and anti-dermatophytic activity. Minimum inhibitory concentration values of ethyl acetate extracts were in the range of 78–625 μg/mL against all test organisms, except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5 mg/mL). Antimicrobial components in the ethyl acetate extract were identified by GC-MS analysis. The isolate was also produced volatile antifungal compounds. A dose-dependent free radical quenching was observed in the ethyl acetate extract. This is the first report on Bionectria sp. as an endophyte of N. foetida. The results indicate that the B. ochroleuca NOTL33 isolate is a potential source of antimicrobial agents and could be used as an effective biofumigant.     

Cytotoxic metabolites from Perenniporia tephropora, an endophytic fungus from Taxus chinensis var. mairei

Based on bioactivity-oriented isolation, the EtOAc extract of a culture broth of the endophytic fungus Perenniporia tephropora Z41 from Taxus chinensis var. mairei, with strong anti-Pyricularia oryzae activity, afforded a new sesquiterpenoid, perenniporin A (1), together with three known compounds, ergosterol (2), rel-(+)-(2aR,5R,5aR,8S,8aS,8bR)-decahydro-2,2,5,8-tetramethyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-bc]genfuran-5-ol (3), and albicanol (4). Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods. All the isolated compounds and the EtOAc extract of P. tephropora Z41 (EPT) were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against three human cancer cell lines (HeLa, SMMC-7721, and PANC-1). EPT demonstrated significant cytotoxicity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 2 to 15 μg/mL. Compound 2 was the most cytotoxic constituent against the tested cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 1.16, 11.63, and 11.80 μg/mL, respectively, while compounds 1, 3, and 4 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 6 to 58 μg/mL. We conclude that the endophytic fungus P. tephropora is a promising source of novel and cytotoxic metabolites.     

Isolation and characterization of trichalasin-producing endophytic fungus from <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Taxus baccata</Emphasis>

An endophytic fungus (strain T1) isolated from Taxus baccata was studied for the production of metabolites with anticancer and antioxidant activities. This fungus was identified as Diaporthe sp. based on rDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis. The crude extract showed cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cell lines, with IC₅₀ (concentration inhibiting 50% of growth rate) values of 1058?±?44 and 1257?±?80 μg ml^?1, respectively. The scavenging activity of fungal extract increased significantly with increasing concentration [IC₅₀ (concentration required to scavenge 50% of free radicals) 482?±?9 μg ml^?1]. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight analysis revealed the presence of three trichalasins (trichalasin E, F and H) in the crude extract of T1 which are known to have antitumour and antioxidant activities. These results suggest that Diaporthe sp. has the potential to be used for therapeutic purposes because of its antiproliferative and antioxidant potential and also for the production of cytochalasins.     

In vitro and in silico characterization of angiogenic inhibitors from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sophora interrupta</Emphasis>

Sophora interrupta Bedd, (Fabaceae) is used in Indian folk medicine to treat cancer. Angiogenesis is one of the crucial characteristics of cancer metastasis and is regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this study, we examined the antiangiogenic properties of the root ethyl acetate extract of Sophora interrupta by various methods. In vitro antioxidant activity (100–600 μg/ml) of S. interrupta ethyl acetate (SEA) extract was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS, anti-inflammatory activity (50, 100 and 150 μg/ml) by estimating nitric oxide (NO) levels, anti-angiogenic activity (200 and 500 μg/ml) was validated by chorio allantoic membrane (CAM) assay and in silico molecular dynamic (MD) simulations analyses (25 ns) were performed to identify the anti-angiogenic compounds extracted from root extract. The antioxidative activity of SEA extract at IC₅₀ (200?±?0.6 μg/mL) is equal to that of ascorbic acid at IC₅₀ (50?±?0.6 μg/mL), and the anti-inflammatory activity of SEA extract at IC₅₀ (150?±?0.2 μg/mL) was inhibited significantly by nitric oxide (NO) production. The SEA extract significantly reduced the sprouting of new blood vessels at ID₅₀ 500?±?0.13 μg/mL in the CAM assay. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the SEA extract detected 34 secondary metabolites, of which 6a,12a-dihydro-6H-(1,3)dioxolo(5,6)benzofuro(3,2-c)chromen-3-ol (maackiain) and funiculosin formed strong hydrogen bond interactions with Lys 920, Thr 916 and Cys 919 (2H), as well as Glu 917 of VEGFR2, and these interactions were similar to those of the anti-angiogenic compound axitinib. Significant findings in all the assays performed indicate that SEA extract has potential anti-angiogenic compounds that may interfere with VEGF-induced cancer malignancy.     

Antioxidant,anticancer, apoptosis properties and chemical composition of black truffle Terfezia claveryi

Desert truffles are seasonal and important edible fungi that grow wild in many countries around the world. Truffles are natural food sources that have significant compositions. In this work, the antioxidant, chemical composition, anticancer, and antiangiogenesis properties of the Terfezia claveryi truffle were investigated. Solvent extractions of the T. claveryi were evaluated for antioxidant activities using (DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods). The extracts cytotoxicity on the cancer cell lines (HT29, MCF-7, PC3 and U-87 MG) was determined by MTT assay, while the anti-angiogenic efficacy was tested using ex-vivo assay. All extracts showed moderate anticancer activities against all cancer cells (p < 0.05). The hexane extract inhibited the brain cell line (U-87 MG) with an IC₅₀ of 50 μg/ml and significantly promoted cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and DNA fragmentation p < 0.001. The ethanol extract demonstrated potent antioxidants; DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS with an IC₅₀ value of 52, 48.5 and 64.7 μg/ml, respectively. In addition, the hexane and ethyl acetate extract significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited the sprouting of microvessels by 100% and 81.2%, at 100 μg/ml, respectively. The GC analysis of the most active extract (hexane) showed the presence of several potent phytochemicals such as stigmasterol, beta-Sitosterol, squalene, lupeol, octadecadienoic acid, and oleic acid.     

Growth of Kluyveromyces marxianus and formation of ethyl acetate depending on temperature

Conversion of lactose into ethyl acetate by Kluyveromyces marxianus allows economic reuse of whey-borne sugar. The high volatility of ethyl acetate enables its process-integrated recovery by stripping. This stripping is governed by both the aeration rate and the partition coefficient, K _EA,L/G. Cultivation at elevated temperatures should decrease the K _EA,L/G value and thus favor stripping. K. marxianus DSM 5422 as a potent producer of ethyl acetate was cultivated aerobically in whey-borne media for studying temperature-dependent growth and ester formation. Shake flask cultivation proved thermal tolerance of this yeast growing from 7 to 47 °C with a maximum rate of 0.75 h^?1 at 40 °C. The biomass yield was 0.41 g/g at moderate temperatures while low and high temperatures caused distinct drops. The observed μ-T and Y _X/S-T dependencies were described by mathematical models. Further cultivations were done in an 1-L stirred reactor for exploring the effect of temperature on ester synthesis. Cultivation at 32 °C caused significant ester formation (Y _EA/S?=?0.197 g/g) while cultivation at 42 °C suppressed ester synthesis (Y _EA/S?=?0.002 g/g). The high temperature affected metal dissolution from the bioreactor delivering iron for yeast growth and preventing ester synthesis. Cultivation at 32 °C with a switch to 42 °C at the onset of ester synthesis allowed quick and efficient ester production (Y _EA/S?=?0.289 g/g). The high temperature lowered the K _EA,L/G value from 78 to 44 L/L which heightened the gas-phase ester concentration (favoring ester recovery) without increasing the liquid-phase concentration (avoiding product inhibition).     

In vitro antifungal activity of antifungalmycin 702, a new polyene macrolide antibiotic, against the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea

Antifungalmycin 702, a novel polyene macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces padanus JAU4234, strongly inhibited mycelial growth of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea, with EC₅₀ of 37 μg/ml and EC₉₀ of 136 μg/ml. Significant reduction in the number of conidia was observed at above 20 μg/ml. Conidia germination and appressorium formation were also suppressed and were not viable with >40 μg/ml. When treated with antifungalmycin 702, hyphae morphology became irregular. Based on microscopic examination, antifungalmycin 702 may exert its antifungal activity by changing the structure of cell membranes and the cytoskeleton and interacting with the organelles. Antifungalmycin 702 thus has potential as a new fungicide in the treatment of rice blast disease.     

Isolation and biological activities of an endophytic Mortierella alpina strain from the Antarctic moss Schistidium antarctici

The Antarctic endophytic fungus (strain ITA1-CCMA 952) was isolated from the moss Schistidium antarctici found in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. Strain ITA1-CCMA 952 was assigned to the specie Mortierella alpina by phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rRNA gene sequences. This strain produces high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including y-(gamma) linolenic acid and arachidonic acid, which when combined represents 48.3 % of the total fatty acid content. Fungal extracts demonstrated strong antioxidant activity with the EC₅₀ value of 48.7 μg mL^?1 and also a strong antibacterial activity, mainly against the following bacteria: Escherichia coli, with a MIC of 26.9 μg mL^?1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis, both with a MIC of 107 μg mL^?1. A GC–MS analysis of the chloroform fraction obtained from the crude extract revealed the presence of potential antimicrobials (Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl) and Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(phenylmethyl)) as the major compounds. Therefore, the M. alpina strain ITA1-CCMA 952 is a promising fungus for the biotechnological production of antibiotics, antioxidant substances and PUFAs. This study highlights the need for more research in extreme environments, such as Antarctica.     

Antimicrobial and antiviral activity-guided fractionation from Scutia buxifolia Reissek extracts

Antimicrobial and antiviral activities of the fractions from Scutia buxifolia stem bark and leaves were evaluated. Best antimicrobial results occurred with the ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanolic (NB) fractions from the leaves against Micrococcus sp. (minimal inhibitory concentration—MIC = 62.5 μg/ml), and NB fraction from stem bark and leaves against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis (MIC = 62.5 μg/ml). The most active fractions were selected and fractioned into silica column to perform an in vitro antibiofilm assay, which evidenced subfractions EA2 and EA3 as the more active against Candida albicans (biofilm inhibitory concentration—BIC = 582 ± 0.01 μg/ml) and Staphylococcus aureus (BIC = 360 ± 0.007 μg/ml), respectively. The NB (selectivity index—SI = 25.78) and the EA (SI = 15.97) fractions from the stem bark, and the EA (SI = 14.13) fraction from the leaves exhibited a potential antiviral activity towards Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 whereas EA2 and EA3 subfractions from leaves (SI = 12.59 and 10.06, respectively), and NB2 subfraction from stem bark (SI = 12.34) maintained this good activity. Phenolic acids and flavonoids (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, isoquercitrin, quercitrin and quercetin) were identified by HPLC and may be partially responsible for the antimicrobial and antiherpes activities observed. The results obtained in this study showed that Scutia buxifolia has antibiofilm and anti-herpetic activities and that these properties are reported for the first time for this species.     

Protein mapping of Chaetomium globosum,a potential biological control agent through proteomics approach

Chaetomium globosum is a ubiquitous filamentous fungus having biological control properties. The potential isolates mycoparasitize the pathogen and produce antifungal metabolites which suppress the growth of pathogenic fungi. A proteomics approach was undertaken to separate and identify proteins from a mycoparasitic strain Cg1 of C. globosum under normal and heat shock conditions in order to identify differentially expressed proteins. We developed and standardized the procedure for extraction of total proteins and 2D gel electrophoresis, which resulted in profiling of more than 100 protein spots. 48 proteins were identified by a combination of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS). Out of total proteins identified, 79 % were hypothetical proteins and 21 % proteins were functionally characterized. Out of total 79 % hypothetical proteins 24 % proteins matched with C. globosum while 18 % proteins matched with Aspergillus spp., 13 % with Coprinopsis cinerea, 10 % with Giberrella zaea, 8 % with Magnaporthe grisea and 5 % with Neurospora crassa and Lodderomyces elonisporus. Some of the functionally characterized proteins included MAP kinase, maltose permease, GTP binding protein, dyenin heavy chain, HET- C2, vacuolar Dig A protein, polyketide synthase, peptide prolyl cis trans isomerase and translation elongation factor. This study has generated a protein reference map for Chaetomium globosum, and being the first report on proteomics studies would greatly help to unravel biocontrol mechanism and its survival under heat stress conditions.     

Differential Chlorate Inhibition of Chaetomium globosum Germination, Hyphal Growth, and Perithecia Synthesis

Chaetomium globosum Kunze:Fr is a dermatophytic, dematiaceous fungus that is ubiquitous in soils, grows readily on cellulolytic materials, and is commonly found on water-damaged building materials. Chlorate affects nitrogen metabolism in fungi and is used to study compatibility among anamorphic fungi by inducing nit mutants. The effect of chlorate toxicity on C. globosum was investigated by amending a modified malt extract agar (MEA), oat agar, and carboxymethyl cellulose agar (CMC) with various levels of potassium chlorate (KClO₃). C. globosum perithecia production was almost completely inhibited (90–100?%) at low levels of KClO₃ (0.1?mM) in amended MEA. Inhibition of perithecia production was also observed on oat agar and CMC at 1?and 10?mM, respectively. However, hyphal growth in MEA was only inhibited 20?% by 0.1–100?mM KClO₃ concentrations. Hyphal growth was never completely inhibited at the highest levels tested (200?mM). Higher levels of KClO₃ were needed on gypsum board to inhibit perithecia synthesis. In additional experiments, KClO₃ did not inhibit C. globosum, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, Penicillum expansum, and airborne fungal spore germination. The various fungal spores were not inhibited by KClO₃ at 1–100?mM levels. These results suggest that C. globosum perithecia synthesis is more sensitive to chlorate toxicity than are hyphal growth and spore germination. This research provides basic information that furthers our understanding about perithecia formation and may help in developing control methods for fungal growth on building materials.     

Molecular cloning and expression of a novel laccase showing thermo- and acid-stability from the endophytic fungus Phomopsis liquidambari and its potential for growth promotion of plants

A novel laccase (LACB3) from the endophytic fungus, Phomopsis liquidambari, was cloned and its potential to promote peanut growth was evaluated. The full-length cDNA is 1,731 bp, encoding a mature protein of 556 amino acids with a molecular mass of 60.1 kDa. Using 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate), LACB3 exhibited a K _m and k _cat of 85 μM and 92.7 s^?1, respectively. The enzyme had maximal activity at pH 2.5 and 50 °C and retained 50 % of its activity after 20 h at 50 °C. When LACB3 was applied to soil, the peanut biomass was increased by 12 %, and the content of vanillic acid, coumaric acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in soil were decreased by 21, 27 and 40 %, respectively. These results suggest substantial potential for the use of P. liquidambari or its laccase in agriculture.     

Differential effects of Oroxylum indicum bark extracts: antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and apoptotic study

Stem bark of Oroxylum indicum (L) (SBOI) is used by ethnic communities of North East India as health tonic and in treating diseases of humans and animals. The objective of this research was to carry out a detailed investigation including total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of different solvent extracts of SBOI and to establish correlation between some parameters. Among petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane and methanol (MeOH) extract of SBOI, MeOH extract contained the highest amount of total phenolic (320.7 ± 34.6 mg Gallic acid equivalent/g extract) and flavonoid (346.6 ± 15.2 mg Quercetin equivalent/g extract) content. In vitro antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ 22.7 μg/ml) was highest in MeOH extract (p > 0.05) and also a significant inverse correlation was observed between phenolic (r = 0.886)/flavonoid (r = 0.764) content and corresponding DPPH IC₅₀. Only MeOH extract inhibited both bacteria and fungi. Although, individual extract showed cytotoxicity on HeLa cells with characteristic features of apoptosis, PE extract caused maximum cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ of 112.3 μg/ml, p < 0.05) and apoptotic activity (33.2 % sub-G0/G1 population) on HeLa cells. But, there was a significant non-inverse correlation of the MTT IC₅₀ with total phenolic (r = 0.812, p < 0.05)/flavonoid (r = 0.998, p < 0.05) content in the three solvent extracts. TLC analysis showed three unique compounds in PE extract which may have a role in apoptosis mediated cytotoxicity. These results called for futher chemical characterisation of MeOH and PE extract of SBOI for specific bioactivity.     

In Vitro Evaluation of Antagonism of Endophytic Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Against Potent Fungal Pathogens of Camellia sinensis

An endophytic fungus isolated from Camellia sinensis, Assam, Northeastern India was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on the basis of morphological characteristics and rDNA ITS analysis. This endophytic fungus was evaluated for growth inhibition against tea pathogens Pestalotiopsis theae and Colletotrichum camelliae. One isolate of C. gloeosporioides showed strong antagonistic activity against Pestalotiopsis theae (64 %) and moderate activity against C. camelliae (37 %). Fifty percent cell-free culture filtrate from 5-day-old cultures showed highest antagonistic activity against both the pathogens although the inhibition percent was less as compared to dual culture. In the experiment of volatile compounds none of the isolates of C. gloeosporioides strains showed visible inhibition against P. theae and C. camelliae. The activity of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes chitinase and protease was also high in this culture fluid and measured 10 and 4.3 IU/μl, respectively.     

Cladosporium cladosporioides XJ-AC03, an aconitine-producing endophytic fungus isolated from Aconitum leucostomum

The endophytic fungus XJ-AC03, which was isolated from the healthy roots of Aconitum leucostomum, produced aconitine when grown in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The presence of aconitine was confirmed by the chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses. The yield of aconitine was recorded as 236.4 μg/g by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mass spectrometry was shown to be identical to authentic aconitine. Further analysis with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to show the chemical structure of the fungal aconitine indicated that the fungal aconitine produced an NMR spectrum identical to that of authentic aconitine. Strain XJ-AC03 was identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides by its characteristic culture morphology and ITS rDNA sequence analysis.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of a GH11 endoxylanase from Chaetomium globosum, and its use in enzymatic pretreatment of biomass

An endo-1,4-β-xylanase gene, xylcg, was cloned from Chaetomium globosum and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. The complete gene of 675 bp was amplified, cloned into the pET 28(a) vector, and expressed. The optimal conditions for the highest activity of the purified recombinant XylCg were observed at a temperature of 40 °C and pH of 5.5. Using oat-spelt xylan, the determined K _m, V _max, and k _cat/K _m values were 0.243 mg?ml^?1, 4,530 U?mg^?1 protein, and 7,640 ml?s^?1?mg^?1, respectively. A homology model and sequence analysis of XylCg, along with the biochemical properties, confirmed that XylCg belongs to the GH11 family. Rice straw pretreated with XylCg showed 30 % higher conversion yield than the rice straw pretreated with a commercial xylanase. Although xylanases have been characterized from fungal and bacterial sources, C. globosum XylCg is distinguished from other xylanases by its high catalytic efficiency and its effectiveness in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.