Dispersal and the interspecific abundance-occupancy relationship in British birds

Aim To test the prediction that deviations of species from the positive interspecific relationship between abundance and occupancy (a measure of geographical range size) are related to differences in dispersal. Location Great Britain. Methods Quantitative data on the abundances, occupancy and dispersal distances of British birds are compared using phylogenetic comparative methods. Results Measures of natal and adult dispersal distance, and the intraspecific variance in these parameters, explain little variation in occupancy in addition to that accounted for by population size. Individual dispersal variables failed to explain significant variance when added individually to a model with population size as a predictor. Migrants and species using wet habitats tend to disperse further than residents and dry habitat species. Analysing these four groups separately revealed effects of dispersal only on the occupancy attained by dry habitat species. Conclusions The only consistent predictor of occupancy in these analyses was population size.     

Assessing the effects of habitat characteristics and co-occurrence with closely related species on occupancy of resident ‘wood-warblers’ in a Neotropical working landscape

The simultaneous effects of habitat traits and interspecific interactions determine the occurrence and habitat use of wildlife populations. However, little research has been devoted to examining spatial co-occurrence among closely related species while considering the effect of habitat variation and imperfect detectability of species in the field. In this study, we focused on migratory and resident 'wood-warblers' that coexist during the winter in a Neotropical working landscape in southern Mexico to understand if habitat occupancy of resident wood-warblers is influenced by habitat characteristics and by the presence of other species of resident and migratory wood-warblers. For this purpose, we implemented two-species occupancy models, which account for the imperfect detectability of these birds in the field. Our results revealed that habitat occupancy of resident wood-warblers was positively influenced by the presence of other closely related species (both migratory and resident). These positive relationships may be explained by the fact that different species of wood-warblers frequently participate in mixed-species flocks. However, these patterns of species co-occurrence were more evident among resident species than between migratory and resident species, which may be explained by micro-habitat segregation and differences in behaviours between resident and migratory wood-warblers. We also found that some habitat characteristics may mediate the observed patterns of species co-occurrence. Specifically, sites with larger trees were associated with the co-occurrence of some species of resident wood-warblers. In addition, we discuss the possibility that species co-occurrence might be the result of shared preferences for environmental factors that we did not consider. Our study highlights the importance of the interplay between species co-occurrence and habitat traits in determining the presence and habitat use of resident birds in Neotropical working landscapes.     

Migration between continents: geographical structure and long-distance gene flow in Porpidia flavicunda (lichen-forming Ascomycota)

Historical and contemporary geographical distribution ranges with their associated gene flow patterns interact to produce the genetic diversity observed today. Often it is not possible to separate out the impacts of historical events, e.g. past fragmentation, and contemporary gene flow, e.g. long-distance dispersal. Porpidia flavicunda is a lichen-forming ascomycete occurring circumpolar in the boreal to arctic zones for which vegetation history suggests that its distribution pattern has stayed broadly the same over the past millennia. DNA-sequence diversity in P. flavicunda can, thus, be expected to predominantly represent geographical population differentiation and its contemporary migration rates. The population sample consists of 110 specimens collected in Northern Québec, Baffin Island, Western Greenland and Northern Scandinavia. DNA-sequence data sets of three nuclear gene fragments (LSU, RPB2 and beta-tubulin) were analysed for genetic diversity within, and differentiation between, geographical regions. Tests of population subdivision employing analyses of molecular variance and exact tests of haplotype frequency distributions showed significant structure between the geographical regions. However, the lack of fixed nucleotide polymorphisms and the wide sharing of identical haplotypes between geographical regions suggest recurrent long-distance gene flow of propagules. Still, the means by which propagules are dispersed remain to be discovered. Inference of migration rates shows that in many cases a sufficiently high amount of migrants is exchanged between geographical regions to prevent drastic population differentiation through genetic drift. The observed haplotype distributions and migration rates point to a gene flow model of isolation by distance.     

Annual variation in numbers, age and sex ratios among migrating raptors at Falsterbo, Sweden from 1986–1995

Summary The annual variation in age and sex ratio among raptors passing the Falsterbo peninsula, Sweden was studied the ten autumns 1986–1995. The analysis encompasses thirteen species with average annual totals of between 25 and 14,000 migrants. In general, raptors occurring in low numbers showed the greatest relative annual variation. One explanation for high variation was the steep increase in the Swedish populations of Red KiteMilvus milvus and Marsh HarrierCircus aeruginosus during the period. A constant high percentage of juveniles may be due to the adults being primarily residents, like in Red Kite and GoshawkAccipiter gentilis, or to a less pronounced tendency of adults to follow leading lines, as in Marsh Harrier, MerlinFalco columbarius and HobbyF. subbuteo. In most other species the ages were represented in more balanced proportions, and the proportion of juveniles most likely reflects variations in breeding results. An average of 41% juveniles in Common BuzzardButeo buteo compared to 23% in the Rough-legged BuzzardB. lagopus indicates a considerably better production in the first species during the ten years. The extremely low average of 11% young Honey BuzzardsPernis apivorus most likely represents a very low production in the period. There was a highly significant correlation in the annual proportion of juveniles between Northern HarrierCircus cyaneus and Rough-legged Buzzard. Most likely this covariation reflects fluctuation in rodent numbers in northern Scandinavia. Most species showed a sex ratio close to 50%. In both Northern and Marsh Harrier there was however a clear dominance of females among the adults, with a ratio of 1.63 and 1.27 females/male respectively.

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Jährliche Zahlen und Alters- und Geschlechtsanteile ziehender Greifvögel in Falsterbo, Schweden, von 1986 bis 1995

Zusammenfassung Die jährliche Variation der Alters- und Geschlechterverhältnisses bei Greifvögeln, die die Halbinsel Falsterbo in Südschweden überfliegen, wurde im Herbst 1986–1995 untersucht. Die Untersuchung umfaßt dreizehn Arten mit jährlich durchschnittlich 25 bis 14.000 ziehenden Vögeln. Die weniger häufigen Arten waren in ihrem jährlichen Auftreten variabler als die häufigen Arten. Ursache dafür ist die starke Zunahme in der schwedischen Population des Rotmilans und der Rohrweihe in dieser Periode. Einen konstant hohen Anteil an Jungvögeln zeigten Arten, bei denen die Altvögel vorwiegend Standvögel sind (z. B. Rotmilan, Habicht) oder Arten, bei denen die Altvögel weniger intensiv Leitlinien folgen, wie Rohrweihe, Merlin und Baumfalke. Bei den meisten anderen Arten waren die Altersklassen mehr ausgeglichen. Bei ihnen spiegelt der jährliche Anteil an Jungvögeln wohl vornehmlich die Brutergebnisse wider. Durchschnittlich 41% Jungvögel beim Mäusebussard verdeutlichen einen besseren Bruterfolg als 23% Jungvogelanteil beim Rauhfußbussard. Mit durchschnittlich nur 11% Jungvögel war der Bruterfolg des Wespenbussards sehr niedrig, und die jährlichen Anzahlen junger Wespenbussarde variierten sehr stark. Zwischen Kornweihe und Rauhfußbussard korrelierten die jährlichen Jungvogelanteile eng. Dies deutet auf Fluktuationen der Kleinsäuger in Nordskandinavien hin, die beide Arten in gleicher Weise beeinflussen. Ähnliches gilt wohl auch für den Merlin.Die Geschlechterverhältnisse waren bei den meisten Arten ausgeglichen. Bei Kornweihe und Rohrweihe überwogen die Weibchen, mit 1,63 bzw. 1,27 Weibchen pro ziehendem Männchen. Dies dürfte die Folge der bei diesen Arten ausgeprägteren Polygynie sein. Beim Habicht überwogen junge Männchen.