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模拟降雨条件下玉米植株对降雨再分配过程的影响
引用本文:马波,李占斌,马璠,吴发启.模拟降雨条件下玉米植株对降雨再分配过程的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(2):497-507.
作者姓名:马波  李占斌  马璠  吴发启
作者单位:西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室;西北农林科技大学资源环境学院;宁夏农林科学院荒漠化治理研究所
基金项目:国家“973”重点基础研究项目(2007CB407201-5);国家自然科学基金重点项目(41330858)
摘    要:为系统测定玉米(Zea mays)不同生长阶段的穿透雨、茎秆流和冠层截留,采用室内模拟降雨法测定了不同降雨强度、不同叶面积指数玉米冠下穿透雨和茎秆流,采用喷雾法测定了玉米不同生长阶段的冠层截留。对其进行了量化分析,并探讨了三者与玉米叶面积指数和降雨强度的关系,阐明了玉米冠下穿透雨的空间分布特征。结果表明:玉米冠下穿透雨量占冠上总降雨量比例为30.97%—94.02%,平均为63.92%;茎秆流量占降雨量比例的变化范围为5.68%—75.70%,平均为35.28%;冠层截留量在其全生育期内变化范围为0.02—0.43 mm,平均为0.16 mm,所占总降雨量比例最大仅为1%。随玉米生长,穿透雨量逐渐降低,茎秆流量和冠层截留量逐渐增加。穿透雨与茎秆流呈现此消彼长的关系,其中穿透雨率平均由93.55%降至36.23%;茎秆流率平均由5.98%增加至70.42%。降雨强度与穿透雨量和茎秆流量呈正相关关系,但是二者占总降雨量的比例与降雨强度关系不显著(P0.05)。随着玉米生长,穿透雨冠下空间分布由均匀逐渐趋向于不均匀,使降雨经过冠层后趋于向行中汇集,但在玉米生长后期,集中于行中的穿透雨量也因叶片衰败而随之降低。揭示了玉米对降雨的再分配作用特征,可为农田水分有效利用、农田生态水文过程机理和坡耕地土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。

关 键 词:玉米  茎秆流  穿透雨  冠层截留  降雨强度
收稿时间:2013/3/24 0:00:00
修稿时间:2014/10/30 0:00:00

Effects of maize plants on the redistribution of water under simulated rainfall conditions
MA Bo,LI Zhanbin,MA Fan and WU Faqi.Effects of maize plants on the redistribution of water under simulated rainfall conditions[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(2):497-507.
Authors:MA Bo  LI Zhanbin  MA Fan and WU Faqi
Affiliation:MA Bo;LI Zhanbin;MA Fan;WU Faqi;State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau,Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University;College of Resources and Environment,Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University;Institute of Desertification Control,Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science;
Abstract:Water from rainfall or sprinkler irrigation is partitioned into four components as it passes through the crop canopy: stemflow, throughfall, interception storage and in-canopy evaporation. The crop canopy significantly changes the distribution of rain water and irrigation water in the canopy and topsoil, thus potentially causing uneven distribution of surface soil water content and altering water use efficiency. The objective of this experiment was to measure throughfall, stemflow, and interception storage at different times during the maize (Zea mays L.) growing season. Throughfall and stemflow were measured indoors during simulated rainfall events. The spray method was used to measure the interception storage of maize canopies with different leaf area index (LAI). The effects of LAI and rainfall intensity on throughfall, stemflow, and interception storage were analyzed and the spatial distribution of throughfall was clarified. The results showed that there had a significant effect in rainfall redistribution by maize canopy under simulated rainfall. Throughfall accounted for 30.97% to 94.02% of the total rainfall, averaging 63.92% across the entire experiment. Stemflow accounted for 5.98% to 70.42% of the total rainfall, averaging 35.28%.Interception storage ranged from 0.02 mm to 0.43 mm. The average interception storage was 0.16 mm. These amounts were equivalent to less than 1% of the total rainfall amount. The variation of maize canopy had significant effect on rainfall redistribution. The amount of throughfall declined gradually as the maize leaf area index increased, whereas stemflow and interception storage gradually increased. There was close correlation between the throughfall amount and the stemflow amount. As a percentage of the total rainfall amount, throughfall decreased from 93.55% early in the growing season to 36.22% later in the growing season. In contrast, the percentage of stemflow increased from 5.98% to 70.42%. Rainfall intensity showed different effect on throughfall and stemflow. There was a positive correlation between rainfall intensity and throughfall amount. There was also a positive correlation between rainfall intensity and stemflow amount. The ratio of throughfall to total rainfall was not significantly related to rainfall intensity (P > 0.05). Similarly, the ratio of stemflow to total rainfall was not was not significantly related to rainfall intensity (P > 0.05). The effect of rainfall intensity on throughfall ratio was uncertain, and this effect was restricted and influenced by physiological state of maize plant. The throughfall intensity was large in some region under maize canopy, and even beyond the rainfall intensity, which lead to significant difference of spatial distribution under maize canopy. As the maize grew, the spatial distribution of throughfall gradually became uneven. Rainwater tended to concentrate in the inter-row area. However, when the maize leaves began to decompose at the end of the growing season, the amount of rainwater in the inter-row area decreased. The redistribution of rainfall by maize canopy would make uneven distribution of rainfall on the surface soil. And this would lead to redistribute rainfall energy on the surface soil under maize canopy, which may has large influence on splash detachment and its distribution under maize canopy. This study provides important insights into the effect of the maize canopy on the redistribution of rainfall. The study also provides information about ecological and hydrological processes in far and. Information from this study could be used as a theoretical basis for effectively using agricultural water and for controlling soil erosion on slopes.
Keywords:corn  stemflow  throughfall  interception storage  rainfall intensity
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