Florivorous myrmecophilous caterpillars exploit an ant–plant mutualism and distract ants from extrafloral nectaries |
| |
| Authors: | Estevao Alves‐Silva Alexandra Bächtold Kleber Del‐Claro |
| |
| Affiliation: | 1. Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brasil;2. Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil;3. Universidade de S?o Paulo, Ribeir?o Preto, S?o Paulo, Brasil |
| |
| Abstract: | Females of myrmecophilous butterflies tend to oviposit in plants visited by ant species that engage in stable associations with its larvae. In Banisteriopsis malifolia, caterpillars are attended by the same ants that feed on extrafloral nectaries. A conflict may arise when both the plant and caterpillars compete for ant attention, and ants are assumed to forage on the highest quality resource. By attending caterpillars, ants can be indirectly detrimental to plant fitness because florivorous larvae feed intensively until pupation. In this study, we specifically investigated (i) whether the occurrence of facultative myrmecophilous Synargis calyce (Riodinidae) caterpillars in B. malifolia was based on ant species (Camponotus blandus or Ectatomma tuberculatum) and abundance; (ii) the monopolization of ants by the butterfly larvae and (iii) the florivory rates incurred by the caterpillars on inflorescences. The abundance of S. calyce was six‐fold greater in plants with C. blandus, compared to E. tuberculatum treatments. Caterpillars monopolized up to 50% of C. blandus on the plants, indicating that the resources offered by S. calyce were more attractive to ants than extrafloral nectaries. Florivory by riodinids incurred losses of almost 60% of flower buds. Myrmecophilous riodinids exploited an ant–plant mutualism by attracting aggressive ants that become larvae bodyguards. Thus, this ecological interaction is potentially detrimental to B. malifolia, since the ants, which can provide protection against herbivores, shift to provide defence for one of these herbivores. |
| |
| Keywords: |
Banisteriopsis malifolia
Brazilian savanna
Camponotus
Ectatomma
Synargis calyce
|
|
|
