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贺兰山植物群落类型多样性及其空间分异
引用本文:梁存柱,朱宗元,王炜,裴浩,张韬,王永利.贺兰山植物群落类型多样性及其空间分异[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(3):361-368.
作者姓名:梁存柱  朱宗元  王炜  裴浩  张韬  王永利
作者单位:1. 内蒙古大学生态与环境科学系,呼和浩特,010021
2. 内蒙古气象遥感研究中心,呼和浩特,010051
3. 内蒙古农业大学林学院,呼和浩特,010019
摘    要: 贺兰山是一座位于阿拉善高原与银川平原之间的高大山体,是我国西部温带草原与荒漠的分界线和连接青藏高原、蒙古高原及华北植物区系的枢纽。本文就贺兰山植物群落的类型多样性特征及其空间分布规律进行了分析,结果表明:贺兰山植物群落有11个植被型55个群系。垂直分异明显,可划分成山前荒漠与荒漠草原带(海拔1 600 m以下)、山麓与低山草原带(1 600~1 900 m)、中山和亚高山针叶林带(1 900~3 100 m)和高山与亚高山灌丛、草甸带(3 100 m以上)4个植被垂直带。阴阳坡差异很大,在低山带,草原群落多占据阳坡,而阴坡则被中生灌丛所取代;在中山带,阴坡以青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)林为主,阳坡以灰榆(Ulmus glaucescens)、杜松(Juniperus rigida)疏林和其它中生灌丛为主;3 000 m以上阴阳坡分异不明显。东、西坡及南、北、中段植物群落分异也很突出,各自均有一些特殊的群落类型。中段以森林和中生灌丛为主,南段和北段荒漠化程度较高,森林面积很小。北段有四合木(Tetraena mongolica)、沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)、松叶猪毛菜(Salsola laricifolia)等特征群系,南段以贺兰山丁香(Syringa pinnatifolia var. holanshanensis)、斑子麻黄(Ephedra rhytidosperma)等群系最具特色。贺兰山东坡比西坡温暖和干燥,森林面积远小于西坡,并分布一些酸枣(Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa)、虎榛子(Ostryopsis davidiana)等喜暖中生灌丛。此外,贺兰山还具有贺兰山丁香、斑子麻黄、内蒙薄皮木(Leptodermis ordosica)、贺兰山女蒿(Hippolytia alashanensis)4个特有植物群落。

关 键 词:贺兰山  群落多样性  空间分异
修稿时间:2003年4月9日

THE DIVERSITY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT COMMUNITIES IN THE HELAN MOUNTAINS
LIANG Cun-Zhu ZHU Zong-Yuan WANG Wei PEI Hao ZHANG Tao and WANG Yong-Li.THE DIVERSITY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT COMMUNITIES IN THE HELAN MOUNTAINS[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2004,28(3):361-368.
Authors:LIANG Cun-Zhu ZHU Zong-Yuan WANG Wei PEI Hao ZHANG Tao and WANG Yong-Li
Abstract:The Helan Mountains (38°10′-39°30′ N and 105°45′-106°45′ E) is situated on the eastern edge of the Alashan Plateau and the western edge of the Yinchuan Plain and extend about 270 km from north to south and about 20-40 km east to west. Its general altitude ranges from 2 000 m to 3 000 m with the highest summit at 3 556 m above sea level and relative elevations are 1 500-2 000 m. The Helan Mountains form an important boundary of climate and vegetation in northwest China: the eastern side of the Helan Mountains belongs to steppe climate and steppe vegetation and desert climate and desert vegetation characterize the west resulting in two different biomes. The mountains are a core area of the Alashan-Ordos biodiversity center that is among the top eight centers of biodiversity in China. It is a rich source of plants for the arid west and is an important pivotal point that connects the floras of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, the Mongolian Plateau and North China. Hence, it is very important to study the biodiversity of the Helan Mountains. The diversity and spatial distributional characteristics of plant communities are discussed in this paper. Based on our observations and research over many years, we have classified 11 vegetation types, and 55 formations in the Helan Mountains. The vertical zonation of the vegetation is strongly developed: vegetation belts can be divided into the desert belt (below 1 600 m asl), the steppe belt (1 600-1 900 m asl), the coniferous forest belt (1 900-3 100 m asl), and the alpine shrub or alpine meadow belt in the alpine or sub-alpine zone (>3 100 m asl). There also is a strong differentiation of vegetation on sunny and shady slopes. In the steppe belt of low hillsides, steppe communities inhabit sunny slopes but mesophilous shrub occur on shaded slopes. In the coniferous forest belt in the mid-elevation zone, the community of Picea crassifolia is distributed widely on shaded slopes but open forests of Ulmus glaucescens and Juniperus rigida or other mesophilous shrub occur on the sunny slopes. At 3 000 m and upwards, the vegetation of sunny and shade slopes is similar. The vegetation also is differentiated in an east-west and north-south direction resulting in some unique communities. The climate is warm and dry on the east side of the Helan Mountains and some thermophilic plants such as Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa and Ostryopsis davidiana are distributed on the eastern side only. On the western side, the climate is cool and wet and there is a greater proportion of forests. The mid-elevation zone is the main body of the Helan Mountains, and the vegetation comprised primarily of forests and mesophilous shrub. The degree of desertification is very distinct in both the north and south segments of the mountains, but the communities are different. In the north, Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, Salsola laricifolia and Tetraena mongolica are dominant whereas Ephedra rhytidosperma, Syringa pinnatifolia var. alashanensis are dominant in the south. Furthermore, there are four endemic communities with Syringa pinnatifolia var. alashanensis, Ephedra rhytidosperma, Leptodermis ordosica and Hippolytia alashanensis in the Helan Mountains.
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