From images to interactions: high-resolution phase imaging in tapping-mode atomic force microscopy |
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| Authors: | Stark M Möller C Müller D J Guckenberger R |
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| Affiliation: | Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Structural Biology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany. stark@biochem.mpg.de |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
In tapping-mode atomic force microscopy, the phase shift between excitation and response of the cantilever is used as a material-dependent signal complementary to topography. The localization of information in the phase signal is demonstrated with 1.4-nm lateral resolution on purple membrane of Halobacterium salinarum in buffer solution. In a first-order approximation, the phase signal is found to correlate with modulations of the tip oscillation amplitude, induced by topography. Extending the analysis to contributions of the tip-sample interaction area as a second-order approximation, a method is proposed to extract information about the interaction from the phase signal for surfaces with a roughness in the order of the tip radius. |
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