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Greater temperature sensitivity of plant phenology at colder sites: implications for convergence across northern latitudes
Authors:Janet Prevéy  Mark Vellend  Nadja Rüger  Robert D Hollister  Anne D Bjorkman  Isla H Myers‐Smith  Sarah C Elmendorf  Karin Clark  Elisabeth J Cooper  Bo Elberling  Anna M Fosaa  Gregory H R Henry  Toke T Høye  Ingibjörg S Jónsdóttir  Kari Klanderud  Esther Lévesque  Marguerite Mauritz  Ulf Molau  Susan M Natali  Steven F Oberbauer  Zoe A Panchen  Eric Post  Sabine B Rumpf  Niels M Schmidt  Edward A G Schuur  Phillip R Semenchuk  Tiffany Troxler  Jeffrey M Welker  Christian Rixen
Affiliation:1. WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, 7260 Davos, Switzerland;2. USDA‐Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia, WA 98512, USA;3. Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;4. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), 04103 Leipzig, Germany;5. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Panama, Republic of Panama;6. Biology Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49041, USA;7. School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;8. National Ecological Observatory Network, Boulder, CO, USA;9. Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, NT X1A 3S8, Canada;10. Institute for Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT‐The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Troms?, Norway;11. Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, DK‐1350 Copenhagen, Denmark;12. Faroese Museum of Natural History, Hoyvík 188, Faroe Islands;13. Department of Geography and Biodiversity Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;14. Arctic Research Center, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK‐8000 Aarhus, Denmark;15. The University Centre in Svalbard, N‐9171 Longyearbyen, Norway;16. Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland;17. Department of Ecology and Natural Resources, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ?s, Norway;18. Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières, Trois‐Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada;19. Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Center, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA;20. Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, S‐405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden;21. Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA;22. Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33181, USA;23. Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;24. Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;25. Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, A‐1030 Vienna, Austria;26. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
Abstract:Warmer temperatures are accelerating the phenology of organisms around the world. Temperature sensitivity of phenology might be greater in colder, higher latitude sites than in warmer regions, in part because small changes in temperature constitute greater relative changes in thermal balance at colder sites. To test this hypothesis, we examined up to 20 years of phenology data for 47 tundra plant species at 18 high‐latitude sites along a climatic gradient. Across all species, the timing of leaf emergence and flowering was more sensitive to a given increase in summer temperature at colder than warmer high‐latitude locations. A similar pattern was seen over time for the flowering phenology of a widespread species, Cassiope tetragona. These are among the first results highlighting differential phenological responses of plants across a climatic gradient and suggest the possibility of convergence in flowering times and therefore an increase in gene flow across latitudes as the climate warms.
Keywords:Arctic     Cassiope tetragona     climate change  climatic gradient  flowering  International Tundra Experiment  latitude  tundra
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