生物多样性 ›› 2020, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (4): 504-514. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019359
所属专题: 昆虫多样性与生态功能
收稿日期:
2019-11-08
接受日期:
2020-02-10
出版日期:
2020-04-20
发布日期:
2020-06-15
通讯作者:
陈凯
基金资助:
Huiyu Wei,Kai Chen(),Beixin Wang
Received:
2019-11-08
Accepted:
2020-02-10
Online:
2020-04-20
Published:
2020-06-15
Contact:
Kai Chen
摘要:
群落分类多样性和功能多样性的海拔格局研究, 是了解生物多样性空间分布现状、揭示多样性维持和变化机制的重要途径。当前对水生昆虫分类多样性和功能多样性沿海拔梯度分布格局, 及其尺度依赖性依旧缺乏深入研究。本文基于2013-2018年在云南澜沧江流域500-3,900 m海拔梯度共149个溪流点位的水生昆虫群落调查数据, 利用线性或二次回归模型探索并比较了局部尺度(点位尺度)和不同区域尺度(100 m、150 m、200 m、250 m海拔段)的分类多样性指数(物种丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数和物种均匀度指数)和功能多样性指数(树状图功能多样性指数(dbFD)、Rao二次熵指数(RaoQ)和功能均匀度指数(FEve))的海拔格局。结果表明, 在局部尺度, 物种丰富度指数和dbFD指数沿海拔梯度均无显著分布特征, Simpson多样性指数、RaoQ指数、物种均匀度指数和FEve指数沿海拔梯度呈现U型或者单调递减趋势。在区域尺度, 随着区域海拔带宽度的增加, 物种丰富度指数沿海拔呈不显著的单调递减格局, 但dbFD指数沿海拔分布由U型转变为单调递减趋势; Simpson多样性指数和RaoQ指数沿海拔梯度由显著U型趋势转变为无显著分布特征; 物种均匀度指数沿海拔梯度无显著分布特征, 但FEve指数呈显著增加的海拔格局。综上, 群落分类多样性指数和功能多样性指数沿海拔梯度分布存在局部和区域尺度的空间差异, 但区域尺度下二者海拔格局随海拔带宽度的增加存在一定程度的一致性。
魏慧玉,陈凯,王备新 (2020) 澜沧江流域水生昆虫群落分类多样性和功能多样性海拔格局的空间尺度依赖性. 生物多样性, 28, 504-514. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019359.
Huiyu Wei,Kai Chen,Beixin Wang (2020) The spatial scale dependency of elevational patterns of taxonomic and functional diversity in aquatic insects in the Lancang River, Yunnan, China. Biodiversity Science, 28, 504-514. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019359.
环境变量 Environmental variables | 2级 Second order | 3级 Third order | 4级 Fourth order | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD | 范围 Range | 平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD | 范围 Range | 平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD | 范围 Range | |
海拔 Elevation (m) | 1,392 ± 719 | 528-3,146 | 1,451 ± 721 | 502-3,935 | 1,311 ± 569 | 595-2,899 |
水温 Water temperature (℃)* | 15.46 ± 4.69 | 1.10-26.10 | 16.63 ± 5.05 | 6.80-28.00 | 19.33 ± 4.30 | 10.30-26.00 |
泥沙含量百分比 Percent of sand (%) | 8.61 ± 16.20 | 0.00-100.00 | 7.62 ± 10.79 | 0.00-60.00 | 14.09 ± 16.69 | 0.00-70.00 |
碎石含量百分比 Percent of gravel (%) | 32.49 ± 24.41 | 0.00-100.00 | 30.15 ± 20.38 | 5.08-87.93 | 36.71 ± 18.25 | 2.78-85.00 |
鹅卵石含量百分比 Percent of cobbles (%) | 42.82 ± 21.40 | 0.00-81.82 | 45.52 ± 17.98 | 0.00-72.37 | 39.10 ± 19.30 | 0.00-68.06 |
大石块含量百分比 Percent of boulders (%) | 16.08 ± 14.53 | 0.00-55.00 | 16.71 ± 14.25 | 0.00-60.00 | 10.10 ± 11.17 | 0.00-45.71 |
农业用地占比 Percent of agricultural land (%) | 1.61 ± 4.73 | 0.00-32.01 | 0.91 ± 1.51 | 0.00-8.44 | 3.11 ± 3.49 | 0.02-15.90 |
森林用地占比 Percent of forest land (%) | 82.32 ± 17.73 | 21.58-100.00 | 85.89 ± 12.33 | 41.38-100.00 | 83.77 ± 11.27 | 54.20-96.86 |
表1 不同溪流等级采样点位环境因子概况
Table 1 Summary of environmental variables across sampling sites collected from second-, third-, and fourth-order streams
环境变量 Environmental variables | 2级 Second order | 3级 Third order | 4级 Fourth order | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD | 范围 Range | 平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD | 范围 Range | 平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD | 范围 Range | |
海拔 Elevation (m) | 1,392 ± 719 | 528-3,146 | 1,451 ± 721 | 502-3,935 | 1,311 ± 569 | 595-2,899 |
水温 Water temperature (℃)* | 15.46 ± 4.69 | 1.10-26.10 | 16.63 ± 5.05 | 6.80-28.00 | 19.33 ± 4.30 | 10.30-26.00 |
泥沙含量百分比 Percent of sand (%) | 8.61 ± 16.20 | 0.00-100.00 | 7.62 ± 10.79 | 0.00-60.00 | 14.09 ± 16.69 | 0.00-70.00 |
碎石含量百分比 Percent of gravel (%) | 32.49 ± 24.41 | 0.00-100.00 | 30.15 ± 20.38 | 5.08-87.93 | 36.71 ± 18.25 | 2.78-85.00 |
鹅卵石含量百分比 Percent of cobbles (%) | 42.82 ± 21.40 | 0.00-81.82 | 45.52 ± 17.98 | 0.00-72.37 | 39.10 ± 19.30 | 0.00-68.06 |
大石块含量百分比 Percent of boulders (%) | 16.08 ± 14.53 | 0.00-55.00 | 16.71 ± 14.25 | 0.00-60.00 | 10.10 ± 11.17 | 0.00-45.71 |
农业用地占比 Percent of agricultural land (%) | 1.61 ± 4.73 | 0.00-32.01 | 0.91 ± 1.51 | 0.00-8.44 | 3.11 ± 3.49 | 0.02-15.90 |
森林用地占比 Percent of forest land (%) | 82.32 ± 17.73 | 21.58-100.00 | 85.89 ± 12.33 | 41.38-100.00 | 83.77 ± 11.27 | 54.20-96.86 |
性状类别 Trait state | 赋值 Score |
---|---|
外骨骼保护状况 Exoskeleton or external protection | |
虫体柔软 Soft-bodied forms | 1 |
轻微骨化 Lightly sclerotized | 2 |
骨化良好 Heavily sclerotized | 3 |
体型 Body shape | |
流线型 Streamlined | 1 |
非流线型 Not streamlined | 2 |
呼吸方式 Respiration | |
体壁呼吸 Tegument | 1 |
鳃呼吸 Gills | 2 |
气氧呼吸(呼吸管、气泡、气盾) Air (spiracles, tracheae, plastrons) | 3 |
营养习性 Trophic habit | |
集食者 Collector-gatherer | 1 |
滤食者 Collector-filterer | 2 |
刮食者 Scraper | 3 |
捕食者 Predator | 4 |
撕食者 Shredder | 5 |
亲流性 Rheophily | |
沉积型 Only depositional | 1 |
沉积型和冲刷型 Depositional and erosional | 2 |
冲刷型 Erosional | 3 |
生活习性 Habit | |
掘穴者 Burrowers | 1 |
攀爬者 Climbers | 2 |
匍匐者 Sprawlers | 3 |
附着者 Clingers | 4 |
游泳者 Swimmers | 5 |
滑行者 Skaters | 6 |
个体大小 Body size | |
小 Small (< 9 mm) | 1 |
中等 Medium (9-16 mm) | 2 |
大 Large (> 16 mm) | 3 |
表2 水生昆虫功能性状类别及其赋值
Table 2 Functional trait states and scores of aquatic insects
性状类别 Trait state | 赋值 Score |
---|---|
外骨骼保护状况 Exoskeleton or external protection | |
虫体柔软 Soft-bodied forms | 1 |
轻微骨化 Lightly sclerotized | 2 |
骨化良好 Heavily sclerotized | 3 |
体型 Body shape | |
流线型 Streamlined | 1 |
非流线型 Not streamlined | 2 |
呼吸方式 Respiration | |
体壁呼吸 Tegument | 1 |
鳃呼吸 Gills | 2 |
气氧呼吸(呼吸管、气泡、气盾) Air (spiracles, tracheae, plastrons) | 3 |
营养习性 Trophic habit | |
集食者 Collector-gatherer | 1 |
滤食者 Collector-filterer | 2 |
刮食者 Scraper | 3 |
捕食者 Predator | 4 |
撕食者 Shredder | 5 |
亲流性 Rheophily | |
沉积型 Only depositional | 1 |
沉积型和冲刷型 Depositional and erosional | 2 |
冲刷型 Erosional | 3 |
生活习性 Habit | |
掘穴者 Burrowers | 1 |
攀爬者 Climbers | 2 |
匍匐者 Sprawlers | 3 |
附着者 Clingers | 4 |
游泳者 Swimmers | 5 |
滑行者 Skaters | 6 |
个体大小 Body size | |
小 Small (< 9 mm) | 1 |
中等 Medium (9-16 mm) | 2 |
大 Large (> 16 mm) | 3 |
空间尺度 Spatial scale | 多样性指数 Diversity index | 线性模型 Linear model (L) | 二次回归模型 Quadratic model (Q) | 选择模型 Model selection | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
解释量 Adjusted R2 | P | 赤池系数 AICc | 解释量 Adjusted R2 | P | 赤池系数 AICc | |||
局部尺度 Local scale | ||||||||
物种丰富度指数 Species richness index | <0.001 | 0.418 | 1,218.2 | 0.01 | 0.166 | 1,217.2 | NS | |
Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index | 0.04 | 0.010 | -136.6 | 0.05 | 0.001 | -137.4 | Q | |
物种均匀度指数 Species evenness index | 0.06 | 0.001 | -152.6 | 0.07 | 0.002 | -152.0 | L | |
树状图功能多样性指数 Dendrogram-based functional diversity index (dbFD) | <0.001 | 0.633 | 364.0 | <0.001 | 0.477 | 364.7 | NS | |
Rao二次熵指数 Rao’s Quadratic index (RaoQ) | 0.02 | 0.057 | -516.4 | 0.02 | 0.074 | -516.0 | L | |
功能均匀度指数 Functional evenness index (FEve) | 0.01 | 0.079 | -284.8 | 0.01 | 0.136 | -283.7 | L | |
区域尺度 Regional scale | ||||||||
100 m | 物种丰富度指数 Species richness index | <0.001 | 0.68 | 218.7 | <0.001 | 0.50 | 219.3 | NS |
Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index | 0.20 | 0.015 | -56.6 | 0.28 | 0.011 | -58.3 | Q | |
物种均匀度指数 Species evenness index | <0.001 | 0.450 | -53.2 | 0.01 | 0.355 | -52.9 | NS | |
树状图功能多样性指数 Dendrogram-based functional diversity index (dbFD) | 0.52 | <0.001 | 70.6 | 0.57 | <0.001 | 68.7 | Q | |
Rao二次熵指数 Rao’s Quadratic index (RaoQ) | 0.10 | 0.064 | -120.5 | 0.24 | 0.020 | -123.6 | Q | |
功能均匀度指数 Functional evenness index (FEve) | 0.19 | 0.017 | -73.6 | 0.17 | 0.048 | -72.2 | L | |
150 m | 物种丰富度指数 Species richness index | <0.001 | 0.33 | 143.4 | <0.001 | 0.53 | 145.0 | NS |
Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index | 0.10 | 0.116 | -35.9 | 0.29 | 0.035 | -39.1 | Q | |
物种均匀度指数 Species evenness index | <0.001 | 0.512 | -40.0 | 0.16 | 0.112 | -42.8 | NS | |
树状图功能多样性指数 Dendrogram-based functional diversity index (dbFD) | 0.76 | <0.001 | 27.9 | 0.82 | <0.001 | 23.8 | Q | |
Rao二次熵指数 Rao’s Quadratic index (RaoQ) | <0.001 | 0.351 | -82.0 | 0.20 | 0.081 | -85.1 | Q | |
功能均匀度指数 Functional evenness index (FEve) | 0.18 | 0.052 | -55.2 | 0.12 | 0.153 | -53.2 | L | |
200 m | 物种丰富度指数 Species richness index | <0.001 | 0.77 | 116.1 | <0.001 | 0.92 | 118.0 | NS |
Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index | 0.22 | 0.059 | -27.8 | 0.34 | 0.051 | -29.1 | Q | |
物种均匀度指数 Species evenness index | 0.02 | 0.285 | -30.2 | 0.14 | 0.191 | -31.1 | NS | |
树状图功能多样性指数 Dendrogram-based functional diversity index (dbFD) | 0.75 | <0.001 | 26.4 | 0.80 | <0.001 | 24.2 | Q | |
Rao二次熵指数 Rao’s Quadratic index (RaoQ) | 0.06 | 0.208 | -62.9 | 0.22 | 0.114 | -64.5 | NS | |
功能均匀度指数 Functional evenness index (FEve) | 0.31 | 0.027 | -42.4 | 0.25 | 0.099 | -40.4 | L | |
250 m | 物种丰富度指数 Species richness index | <0.001 | 0.66 | 86.4 | <0.001 | 0.91 | 88.4 | NS |
Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index | <0.001 | 0.455 | -18.0 | 0.07 | 0.311 | -18.5 | NS | |
物种均匀度指数 Species evenness index | <0.001 | 0.964 | -21.1 | 0.02 | 0.381 | -21.7 | NS | |
树状图功能多样性指数 Dendrogram-based functional diversity index (dbFD) | 0.82 | <0.001 | 20.1 | 0.82 | <0.001 | 20.6 | L | |
Rao二次熵指数 Rao’s Quadratic index (RaoQ) | <0.001 | 0.773 | -49.9 | 0.04 | 0.351 | -50.7 | NS | |
功能均匀度指数 Functional evenness index (FEve) | 0.26 | 0.062 | -35.8 | 0.19 | 0.181 | -33.9 | L |
表3 不同空间尺度下水生昆虫群落多样性指数与海拔的线性和二次回归模型
Table 3 Linear and quadratic model fitting relationships of diversity indices and elevation at different spatial scales
空间尺度 Spatial scale | 多样性指数 Diversity index | 线性模型 Linear model (L) | 二次回归模型 Quadratic model (Q) | 选择模型 Model selection | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
解释量 Adjusted R2 | P | 赤池系数 AICc | 解释量 Adjusted R2 | P | 赤池系数 AICc | |||
局部尺度 Local scale | ||||||||
物种丰富度指数 Species richness index | <0.001 | 0.418 | 1,218.2 | 0.01 | 0.166 | 1,217.2 | NS | |
Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index | 0.04 | 0.010 | -136.6 | 0.05 | 0.001 | -137.4 | Q | |
物种均匀度指数 Species evenness index | 0.06 | 0.001 | -152.6 | 0.07 | 0.002 | -152.0 | L | |
树状图功能多样性指数 Dendrogram-based functional diversity index (dbFD) | <0.001 | 0.633 | 364.0 | <0.001 | 0.477 | 364.7 | NS | |
Rao二次熵指数 Rao’s Quadratic index (RaoQ) | 0.02 | 0.057 | -516.4 | 0.02 | 0.074 | -516.0 | L | |
功能均匀度指数 Functional evenness index (FEve) | 0.01 | 0.079 | -284.8 | 0.01 | 0.136 | -283.7 | L | |
区域尺度 Regional scale | ||||||||
100 m | 物种丰富度指数 Species richness index | <0.001 | 0.68 | 218.7 | <0.001 | 0.50 | 219.3 | NS |
Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index | 0.20 | 0.015 | -56.6 | 0.28 | 0.011 | -58.3 | Q | |
物种均匀度指数 Species evenness index | <0.001 | 0.450 | -53.2 | 0.01 | 0.355 | -52.9 | NS | |
树状图功能多样性指数 Dendrogram-based functional diversity index (dbFD) | 0.52 | <0.001 | 70.6 | 0.57 | <0.001 | 68.7 | Q | |
Rao二次熵指数 Rao’s Quadratic index (RaoQ) | 0.10 | 0.064 | -120.5 | 0.24 | 0.020 | -123.6 | Q | |
功能均匀度指数 Functional evenness index (FEve) | 0.19 | 0.017 | -73.6 | 0.17 | 0.048 | -72.2 | L | |
150 m | 物种丰富度指数 Species richness index | <0.001 | 0.33 | 143.4 | <0.001 | 0.53 | 145.0 | NS |
Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index | 0.10 | 0.116 | -35.9 | 0.29 | 0.035 | -39.1 | Q | |
物种均匀度指数 Species evenness index | <0.001 | 0.512 | -40.0 | 0.16 | 0.112 | -42.8 | NS | |
树状图功能多样性指数 Dendrogram-based functional diversity index (dbFD) | 0.76 | <0.001 | 27.9 | 0.82 | <0.001 | 23.8 | Q | |
Rao二次熵指数 Rao’s Quadratic index (RaoQ) | <0.001 | 0.351 | -82.0 | 0.20 | 0.081 | -85.1 | Q | |
功能均匀度指数 Functional evenness index (FEve) | 0.18 | 0.052 | -55.2 | 0.12 | 0.153 | -53.2 | L | |
200 m | 物种丰富度指数 Species richness index | <0.001 | 0.77 | 116.1 | <0.001 | 0.92 | 118.0 | NS |
Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index | 0.22 | 0.059 | -27.8 | 0.34 | 0.051 | -29.1 | Q | |
物种均匀度指数 Species evenness index | 0.02 | 0.285 | -30.2 | 0.14 | 0.191 | -31.1 | NS | |
树状图功能多样性指数 Dendrogram-based functional diversity index (dbFD) | 0.75 | <0.001 | 26.4 | 0.80 | <0.001 | 24.2 | Q | |
Rao二次熵指数 Rao’s Quadratic index (RaoQ) | 0.06 | 0.208 | -62.9 | 0.22 | 0.114 | -64.5 | NS | |
功能均匀度指数 Functional evenness index (FEve) | 0.31 | 0.027 | -42.4 | 0.25 | 0.099 | -40.4 | L | |
250 m | 物种丰富度指数 Species richness index | <0.001 | 0.66 | 86.4 | <0.001 | 0.91 | 88.4 | NS |
Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index | <0.001 | 0.455 | -18.0 | 0.07 | 0.311 | -18.5 | NS | |
物种均匀度指数 Species evenness index | <0.001 | 0.964 | -21.1 | 0.02 | 0.381 | -21.7 | NS | |
树状图功能多样性指数 Dendrogram-based functional diversity index (dbFD) | 0.82 | <0.001 | 20.1 | 0.82 | <0.001 | 20.6 | L | |
Rao二次熵指数 Rao’s Quadratic index (RaoQ) | <0.001 | 0.773 | -49.9 | 0.04 | 0.351 | -50.7 | NS | |
功能均匀度指数 Functional evenness index (FEve) | 0.26 | 0.062 | -35.8 | 0.19 | 0.181 | -33.9 | L |
图2 局部尺度和区域尺度(100 m、150 m、200 m和250 m海拔段)水生昆虫群落分类多样性和功能多样性指数的海拔格局。黑色实线表示多样性指数对海拔梯度存在极显著(P < 0.01)和显著(P < 0.05)的线性或二次响应关系, 灰色实线表示轻微显著(P < 0.1)的线性或二次响应关系, 黑色虚线表示无显著(P > 0.1)的线性或二次响应关系。
Fig. 2 The relationship between taxonomic and functional diversity indices and elevation at local and regional (elevational band across 100 m, 150 m, 200 m, and 250 m) scales. Black solid line indicates highly significant (P < 0.01) and significant (P < 0.05) linear or quadratic relationships, grey solid line indicates marginally significant (P < 0.1) linear or quadratic relationships, and black dotted line indicates non-significant (P > 0.1) linear or quadratic relationships.
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